This book argues that a tribe of the primitive society is formed because of kinship, while a state of the civilized society is formed because of language. When humans communicate using language, they extend the distance and the reaches of communication. They expand their communities. States replace tribes. Language underlies the formation of the state. Then, accordingly, language also underlies the organization of the state as men create language solutions in the organization of the state such as constitution, election and representation. The extension of linguistic communication distance also underlies the formation of three juxtaposing branches of government administrative, legislative and judicial body. It also enables men to create various forms of civilization such as history, philosophy, literature, art, religion and law which play a role in the construction of men's spirit that guides the operation of the state. Language presets the whole process of the progress of civilization.

This book argues that a primitive society is formed on the basis of kinship ties while a civilized society is formed on the basis of linguistic communication. When humans communicate with each other through language, they extend the distance of communication. The extension of communication distance helps expand communities. States are gradually formed. This means that as these communities grow, they become too large to be supported only by the ties of kinship. The use of language and the development of linguistic communication underlies the establishment of governments, the introduction of laws, the holding of elections, and the flourishing of history, philosophy, literature, art, religion, etc. This book presents a new theory about the importance of language in the growth of the states.

E-commerce is a new way of doing business. It is becoming increasingly important to everybody. The objective of this book is to compare various solutions and to find out the best solution for small businesses. Some commonly used technologies in developing E-commerce systems are introduced in the first three chapters. The topics covered from web standards and protocols to web planning and design, from web servers to server side programming, and most importantly, Java technology and IBM's WebSphere. Based on these technologies, two solutions are presented: building from scratch with Java servlets and building with IBM's WebSphere. We develop an online store with each of the solutions. The last part of the book is a comprehensive comparison. Time, complexity, performance and cost are evaluated in this comparison. A simple conclusion is drawn afterwards with our suggestions to small businesses which solution they should choose. This book will be especially useful to web designers, small business owners, IT analysts and programmers.