Betty A. Reardon is a world-renowned leader in the fields of peace education and human rights; her pioneering work has laid the foundation for a new cross-disciplinary integration of peace education and international human rights from a gender-conscious, global perspective. This collection of reflective inquiry and ongoing research gathers essential works on peace education and human rights (1967-2014) and provides access to Reardon's key works. These texts have been foundational to the field of peace education during the past five decades of her practical experience. The unique conceptualization of a holistic framework for organizing content and the practical and specific descriptions of pedagogies for the practice of critical peace education in schools and universities, have made them essential resources for peace educators around the world; several have already become standard texts for basic courses in the field. The book also includes an overview of Reardon's career and a bibliography of her publications.

This book examines and analyzes issues related to public finance in subnational governments, along with a discussion of case studies on decentralization. Most of the analysis applies to all public goods and services provided by subnational governments, with some placed on the role of subnational governments in the management of environmental resources, notably water and waste Coverage includes optimal arrangements for sharing fiscal responsibilities among different levels of government, the potential impact of decentralization on the quality of public goods delivery, local governments' expenditure and revenue choices, and the effect of decentralization on accountability, governance and policy outcomes. The scope of discussion extends to both public finance theory and applied policy debates. The first chapter, on trends in financing of public services, opens with an explanation of the how and why of government intervention in the economy, the nature and purposes of transfers between and among governments and trends in decentralization. Case studies examine the impact of decentralization in such areas as service delivery, water and sanitation, education and health, and on poverty and income inequality. Chapter 2 examines public budgets: governance structures, norms and organizational practices, building up understanding of budgets, budget cycles, fiscal revenues from fees and taxes, expenses, debt and political economy issues, rules mandating balanced budgets in government and more. Chapter 3 discusses issues of accountability and policy outcomes, offering important lessons from recent international experience, including ways to strengthen political, administrative and financial accountability. The concluding chapter recounts lessons from recent international experience and surveys implications for the nexus approach to management of environmental resources. The information, analysis and expert advice presented here is particularly relevant for developing and emerging countries, where well designed decentralization reforms have a higher potential to improve efficiency in the provision of public services, and to enhance the development of integrated and sustainable strategies for the use of water, soil and waste resources and applications that advance the nexus approach.

This guide presents both a conceptual framework and detailed implementation guidelines for general computer science (CS) teaching. The content is clearly written and structured to be applicable to all levels of CS education and for any teaching organization, without limiting its focus to instruction for any specific curriculum, programming language or paradigm. Features: presents an overview of research in CS education; examines strategies for teaching problem-solving, evaluating pupils, and for dealing with pupils' misunderstandings; provides learning activities throughout the book; proposes active-learning-based classroom teaching methods, as well as methods specifically for lab-based teaching; discusses various types of questions that a CS instructor, tutor, or trainer can use for a range of different teaching situations; investigates thoroughly issues of lesson planning and course design; describes frameworks by which prospective CS teachers gain their first teaching experience.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization, Evo COP 2014, held in Granada, Spain, in April 2014, co-located with the Evo*2014 events Euro GP, Evo BIO, Evo MUSART and Evo Applications. The 20 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 42 submissions. The papers cover the following topics: swarm intelligence algorithms, fitness landscapes and adaptive algorithms, real world and routing problems and cooperative and metaheuristic search.

Dynamic management of systems development is a precondition for the realization of sustainable system development. This approach allows for the usage of systems theory methods that take into consideration the interaction of decisions made over time and space. A characteristic feature of this kind of method is that the process of sophisticated object development over time is examined for optimal decision selection. This requires the application of modelling methods that represent properties of the developing objects, high speed calculation methods for the estimation of technical and economic characteristics, as well as effective optimization methods. Dynamic Management of Sustainable Development presents a concise summary of the authors' research in the area of dynamic methods analysis of technical systems development. Along with systematic illustration of mathematical methods, considerable attention is drawn to practical realization and applications. Dynamic Management of Sustainable Development will be helpful for scientists involved in the mathematical modelling of large technical systems development and for engineers working in the area of large technical systems planning.

Jean Leray (1906-1998) was one of the great French mathematicians of his century. His life's workcan be dividedinto 3 major areas, reflected in these 3 volumes. Volume I, to which an Introduction has been contributed by A. Borel, covers Leray's seminal work in algebraic topology, where he created sheaf theory and discovered the spectral sequences. Volume II, with an introduction by P. Lax, covers fluid mechanics and partial differential equations. Leray demonstrated the existence of the infinite-time extension of weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations; 60 years later this profound work has retained all its impact. Volume III, on the theory of several complex variables, has a long introduction by G. Henkin. Leray's work on the ramified Cauchy problem will stand for centuries alongside the Cauchy-Kovalevska theorem for the unramified case.

He was awarded the Malaxa Prize (1938), the Grand Prix in Mathematical Sciences (1940), the Feltrinelli Prize (1971), the Wolf Prize in Mathematics (1979), and the Lomonosov Gold Medal (1988)."

The contributions in this volume focus on the use of general connectivity (unstructured) adaptive meshes for Lagrangian calculations but contain a substantial amount of material on Euler and arbitrary Lagrange-Euler techniques as well. Contributions on the smooth particle hydrodynamics method and on deterministic vortex methods broaden the scope of the material and allow comparisons of different, though allied, techniques to be made. The format of the conference was designedto optimize the interaction among the attendees. An edited version of roundtable discussions is included in these proceedings.

There may be some readers of this book who are expecting a sort of Mrs Beeton of reinsurance, whose indications if carefully followed will ensure the satisfactory outcome of any reinsurance operation undertaken. They will, I fear, be disappointed for reinsurance is first and foremost a commercial enterprise, whose successful conduct depends upon so much that cannot be written in books or committed to paper. Above all else, it depends upon people and on the personalities of people as much as on their technical skills. Most reinsurers are born and only some are made, but none the less for either sort this book will be of inestimable benefit as a guide to the principles that lie behind the transaction of a business at once as complex and widespread as reinsurance is by its very nature. One of the main characteristics of this highly specialized business is the infinite variety of situations to which the reinsurer is called upon to adapt his business methods making any standardization of practice possible only on a broad, as opposed to a detailed, basis. This renders any attempt to encompass in one book all the practical alternatives and differences in approach to technical reinsurance problems a virtual impossibility.

Magnetism in surfaces, heterostructures, small particles, and layered compounds has become an important subject in pure and applied science and a major component of high-technology industrial applications, for example, for magnetic recording and information storage and retrieval. This book presents relevant theoretical techniques and summarizes the optical, electronic, and nuclear experimental techniques used in studying the magnetic properties of such systems. Methods of sample preparation and characterization are also discussed. The book provides an up-to-date account of recent developments in this active interdisciplinary field.

The book is an up-to-date, concise presentation of the development of submillimeter-wave and far-infrared astrophysics. The topics range from the large-scale atomic and molecular distribution in the Galaxy and in external galaxies to the frontal properties of molecular clouds and the details of the star-formation process. A chapter on the most recent technical advances in the field illustrates the intimate connection and interplay between scientific advancement and technological capability. The book not only summarizes the advances in the field but also presents important background information, addressing experts and graduate students alike.

This is the seventh volume of a well-established series in which expert practitioners discuss topical aspects of light scattering in solids. Emphasis is placed on electronic excitations between crystal-field split levels of transition-metal and rare-earth ions in crystals, among them high-Tc superconductors and magnetic excitations that appear in superlattices containing magnetic metals. The contents of this volume again demonstrates the usefulness of Raman spectroscopy for the investigation and characterization of this class of materials. It will be useful to advanced students and to all researchers who apply Raman spectroscopy in their work.

This book is based on presentations to the International Conference of X-Ray Micro scopy and Spectromicroscopy, XRM 96, which took place in Wiirzburg, August 19- 23, 1996. The conference also celebrated the lOOth anniversary of the discovery of X rays by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen on November 8, 1895, in Wiirzburg. This book contains state-of-the-art reviews and up-to-date progress reports in the field of X-ray microscopy and spectromicroscopy, including related new X-ray optics and X-ray sources. It reflects the lively activities within a relatively new field of science which combines the development of new instruments and methods with their applications to numerous topical scientific questions. The applications range from biological and medical topics, colloid physics, and soil sciences to solid-state physics, material sciences, and surface sciences. Their variety demonstrates the interdisci plinary and cooperative character of this field and the growing demand for micro scopic and spectromicroscopic information on the nanometer scale and under specific sample conditions, for example in wet (natural) surroundings or on a solid surface.

For a long time microbial ecology has been developed as a distinct field within Ecology. In spite of the important role of microorganisms in the environment, this group of 'invisible' organisms remained unaccessable to other ecologists. Detection and identification of microorganisms remain largely dependent on isolation techniques and characterisation of pure cul tures. We now realise that only a minor fraction of the microbial com munity can be cultivated. As a result of the introduction of molecular methods, microbes can now be detected and identified at the DNA/RNA level in their natural environment. This has opened a new field in ecology: Molecular Microbial Ecology. In the present manual we aim to introduce the microbial ecologist to a selected number of current molecular techniques that are relevant in micro bial ecology. The first edition of the manual contains 33 chapters and an equal number of additional chapters will be added this year. Since the field of molecular ecology is in a continuous progress, we aim to update and extend the Manual regularly and will invite anyone to depo sit their new protocols in full detail in the next edition of this Manual. We hope this book finds its place where it was born: at the lab bench! Antoon D.L. Akkermans, Jan Dirk van Elsas and Frans J. de Bruijn March 1995 Molecular Microbial Ecology Manual 1.3.6: 1-8, 1996. (c) 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Recent advancements in the field of asymmetric synthesis have been triggered by the challenges this field has offered to synthetic organic chemists, and the importance of preparing optically active compounds of medical value. Newly developed asymmetric organic reactions combined with improvements and novel applications of previously known reactions have created the need for this current volume. Presenting findings reported in 1991, this book covers asymmetric oxidations, reductions, carbon-- carbon bond formations, carbon--heteroatom bond formations, enzymatic hydrolysis, resolution and transesterification and miscellaneous asymmetric reactions. This book will serve as a useful reference for all researchers, scientists and students working in the field of synthetic organic chemistry.

During the last two decades the theory of abstract Volterra equations has under gone rapid development. To a large extent this was due to the applications of this theory to problems in mathematical physics, such as viscoelasticity, heat conduc tion in materials with memory, electrodynamics with memory, and to the need of tools to tackle the problems arising in these fields. Many interesting phenomena not found with differential equations but observed in specific examples of Volterra type stimulated research and improved our understanding and knowledge. Al though this process is still going on, in particular concerning nonlinear problems, the linear theory has reached a state of maturity. In recent years several good books on Volterra equations have appeared. How ever, none of them accounts for linear problems in infinite dimensions, and there fore this part of the theory has been available only through the - meanwhile enor mous - original literature, so far. The present monograph intends to close this gap. Its aim is a coherent exposition of the state of the art in the linear theory. It brings together and unifies most of the relevant results available at present, and should ease the way through the original literature for anyone intending to work on abstract Volterra equations and its applications. And it exhibits many prob lems in the linear theory which have not been solved or even not been considered, so far.

Over the past two decades, two-phase flow and heat transfer problems associated with two-phase phenomena have been a challenge to many investigators. Two-phase flow applications are found in a wide range of engineering systems, such as nuclear and conventional power plants, evaporators of refrigeration systems and a wide vari ety of evaporative and condensive heat exchangers in the chemical industry. This publication is based on the invited lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Advances in Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer. The Horkshop was attended by more than 50 leading scientists and practicing engineers who work actively on two-phase flow and heat transfer research and applications in dif ferent sectors (academia, government, industry) of member countries of NATO. Some scientific leaders and experts on the subject matter from the non-NATO countries were also invited. They convened to discuss the state-of-the-art in two-phase flow and heat transfer and formulated recommendations for future research directions. To achieve these goals, invited key papers and a limited number of contributions were presented and discussed. The specific aspects of the subject were treated in depth in the panel sessions, and the unresolved problems identified. Suitable as a practical reference, these volumes incorporate a systematic approach to two-phase flow analysis.

Ten years ago interest in leukocyte chemotaxis was restricted to a relatively small group of scientists whose interests were quite circumscribed. In the past decade both the number of workers and their publications has grown at some thing approaching an exponential rate and, more importantly, the field has gradually expanded to encompass a large number of diverse areas (mediators, receptors, cell effector mechanisms, regulatory factors, etc.). It is now apparent that leukocytes are particularly useful for studies of the locomotory behavior of all cell types and of mechanisms controlling cell movement and orientation. Chemotactic factors, once discovered as substan ces able to induce directional migration in leukocytes, are now recognized as potent stimulators of a variety of cell functions. Based on our knowledge in the field of basic research in leuko cyte chemotaxis, clinical observations in combination with ex perimental studies in vivo have provided new insights into the role of leukocyte-mediator interactions. The recognition that a specific interaction between chemotactic factor and leukocyte can lead to a multitude of cellular responses and products has opened up a broad area of study. The diversity of contributions to this volume based on a conference which was held in May 1982 in Gersau, Switzerland, reflects this development and demonstra tes that leukocyte chemotaxis continues to be an area of fasci nating and highly active research.

The idea of Volums 4 and 5 of this series is a combination of a very condensed but broad review, handbook and textbook on most of the theoretical and practical aspects of pyrethroids of interest to chemists, biologists, pharmacologists, toxicologists and other people involved in insecticidal research, development, ecotoxicolo gy, application, patenting and commercialization of pyrethroids, as seen from a point of view of an industrial chemist once actively in volved in pyrethroid research. In order to provide a mode1 data base for testing quantitative structure activity relationships, the unique wealth of the numerous and diverse biological data dispersed in the literature is listed in about 110 tables, put in relation to each other and other standard compounds, together with many structural formulas of the com pounds involved. A number of data are published for the first time. Some of the more important reeent QSAR-studies are briefly acknowledged. Conformational aspects of bioactive pyrethroids are discussed (from synthesis, QSAR, X-ray); some of the X-ray derived conformations are published for the first time. The molecular basis of pyrethroid biological action is taken into consideration as intensively as possible. Stereochemical aspects are considered wherever they are involved in synthesis, biological activity, mode of action, metabolism (Vol. 4), and particularly in the complex problems in the production and relation of iso merically enriched trade products (Vol. 5). Since pyrethroid research is now, in manyaspeets, a finished chapter of applied research, a historieal treatment of the course of inventions is given (inventions, patent priorities).

Cosmology has dramatically evolved during the last decade and there has been vast development of, e.g., theories of galaxy formation in connection with the early universe or gravitational lensing. These new developments motivated the editors to organize a school covering all of these ideas and observations in a pedagogical way. The topics covered in the 26 lectures of this summer school include: QSO absorption systems, identification of objects at high redshift, radiogalaxies, galaxy formation and evolution, galaxy number counts, clustering, theories of structure formation, large-scale structure and streaming motions, gravitational lensing, and spectrum and anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Observational developments, data analysis, and theoretical aspects are equally treated.

In 1985 it was 20 years since Nobel Laureate Herbert A. Simon published: 'THE SHAPE OF AUTOMATION: For Men and Management'. This short but important and still topical book dwells on three subjects: - The Long-Range Economic Effects of Automation; - Will the Corporation be Managed by Machines? - The New Science of Management Decision. In contrast with George Orwell, who was a critic of contemporary political systems rather than a prophet, Simon portrays a far more rosy picture of our 'brave new world'. Simon's work breathes optimism. First, computer technology; looking back it is aoubtful whether even the professor expected the hardware development ~e have wittnessed. Secondly, our ability to 'tame the beast'; there is now not much reason for complacency and satisfaction. Offices and factories can by no means be called automated, at most semi-automated. Thirdly the organizational and social implications of these rapid technological developments; referring to what he then called: 'The Computer and the new decision making techniques ..* ' Concerning this last point, there is little need to emphasize that had been less practical application in organizations than the often impressive theoretical developments would lead one to believe. In Europe this situation is even more accute than in the USA and Japan. The ESPRIT programme of the ECC and many similar national programs intend to bridge the gap.

The phenomenon of photorefraction was discovered in 1966 in studies of propagation of a fairly powerful laser beam through the electro-optic crys- tals LiNb0 , LiTa0 , and some other compounds. The laser beam illumi- 3 3 nating part of the sample was found to cause a local change in the refrac- tive index of the crystal, thereby leading to distortion of the beam's wave front. The light had deteriorated the initially high optical quality of the crystal, in other words, it had given rise to a nonuniform distribution of the refractive index in the illuminated region. The effect was first called "opti- cal damage". The practical significance of the phenomenon was soon appreciated, applications were proposed, and a . vast amount of activity began. In the years that followed, the phenomenon was termed the "photorefractive ef- fect". Because of the reversible behavior of the refractive index variations due to photorefraction, photorefractive crystals have been regarded as re- cyclable photosensitive media. This became a valuable finding for optical engineers engaged in holography and optical information processing. On the other hand, the research into the nature of the photorefractive effect proved to be of considerable interest to physicists working in the fields of solid-state physics, semiconductors, and coherent optics.

The authors give a detailed and pedagogically well written proof of the renormalizability of quantum electrodynamics in four dimensions. The proof is based on the free expansion of Gallavotti and Nicolo and is mathematically rigorous as well as impressively general. It applies to rather general models of quantum field theory including models with infrared or ultraviolet singularities, as shown in this monograph for the first time. Also discussed are the loop regularization for renormalized graphs and the Ward identities. The authors also establish that in QED in four dimensions only gauge invariant counterterms are required. This seems to be the first proof which will be accessible not only to the expert but also to the student.