The core idea underlying human rights is that everyone is inherently and equally worthy of respect as a person. The emergence of that idea has been one of the most significant international developments since the Second World War. But it is one thing to embrace something as an aspirational ideal and quite another to recognize it as enforceable law. The continued development of the international human rights regime brings a pressing question to the fore: What role should international human rights have as law within the American legal system? The U.S. Supreme Court and the Domestic Force of International Human Rights Law examines this question through the prism of the U.S. Supreme Court's handling of controversies bearing most closely on it. It shows that the specific disputes the Court has addressed can be best understood by recognizing how each interconnects with an overarching debate over the proper role to be accorded international human rights law within American institutions. By approaching the subject from the justices' standpoint, this book reveals a divide in the Court between two fundamentally different orientations toward the domestic impact of the international human rights regime.

Ever since its inception, one of the essential tasks of the EU has been to establish the internal market. Despite the impressive body of case law and legislation regarding the internal market, legal and factual barriers still exist for citizens seeking to exercise their full rights under EU law. This book analyses these barriers and proposes ways in which they may be overcome. Next to analysing the key barriers to exercising economic rights more generally, this book focuses on three areas which represent the applications of the four basic freedoms: consumer rights, the rights of professionals in gaining access to the market, and intellectual property rights in the Digital Single Market. With chapters from leading researchers, the main pathways towards the reduction and removal of these barriers are considered. Taking into account important factors including the global financial crisis, as well as practical barriers, such as multilingualism, the solutions provided in this book present a pathway to enhance cross-border realization of European citizens? access to their economic rights, as well as increasing in the cultural richness of the EU. EU Citizens? Economic Rights in Action is an important book, which will be an essential resource for students of EU citizenship and economics, as well as for EU policymakers and practitioners interested in the field.

Contract law is increasingly used to serve regulatory purposes considered beyond the reach of private law. This Handbook explores a range of modern practices that are not typically treated in standard expositions of this area. By exploring these phenomena, it reveals the changing role of regulatory private law in a globalised legal world - one where distinctions between public and private law, hard law and soft law, and rule making and contracting have become increasingly blurred. Contributors explore key examples drawing on an extensive range of private law. The book pays close attention to the use of codes of conduct to coordinate and steer behaviour in business-to-business and business-to-consumer relationships, concerning health and safety, environment, and employment conditions. It also examines the formation of contractual `networks', such as franchises, to regulate multi-party trade relationships, and the application of contracts and contract law to secure business and consumer compliance with public standards. With its global reach and detailed research, this Handbook will appeal to academics exploring the potential of new law making methods and practitioners looking to gain insight into emerging approaches to private law. Contributors include: A. Beckers, R. Brownsword, R.R. Condon, D. Leczykiewicz, M. Mataija, M.-C. Menting, H.-W. Micklitz, C. Mitchell, M. Namyslowska, E.T.T. Tai, R. van Gestel, P. Verbruggen

Data not only represent an integral part of the identity of a person, they also represent, together with other essentials, an integral part of the identity of a state. Keeping control over such data is equally important for both an individual and for a state to retain their sovereign existence. This thought-provoking book elaborates on the assumption that information privacy is, in its essence, comparable to information sovereignty. This seemingly rudimentary observation serves as the basis for an analysis of various information instruments in domestic and international law. Information Sovereignty combines a philosophical and methodological analysis of the phenomena of information, sovereignty and privacy. Providing insights into previously unexplored parallels between information privacy and information sovereignty, it examines cross-border discovery, cybersecurity and cyber-defence operations, and legal regimes for cross-border data transfers, encompassing practical discussions from a fresh perspective. In addition, it offers an accessible overview of complex theoretical matters in the domain of Internet legal theory and international law and, crucially, a method to resolve situations where informational domains of individuals and/or states collide. This pioneering state-of the-art assessment of information law and legal theory is a vital resource for students, academics, policy-makers and practitioners alike, seeking a guide to the phenomena of information, sovereignty and privacy.

This book focuses on the building of a crypto economy as an alternative economic space and discusses how the crypto economy should be governed. The crypto economy is examined in its productive and financialised aspects, in order to distil the need for governance in this economic space. The author argues that it is imperative for regulatory policy to develop the economic governance of the blockchain-based business model, in order to facilitate economic mobilisation and wealth creation. The regulatory framework should cater for a new and unique enterprise organisational law and the fund-raising and financing of blockchain-based development projects. Such a regulatory framework is crucially enabling in nature and consistent with the tenets of regulatory capitalism. Further, the book acknowledges the rising importance of private monetary orders in the crypto economy and native payment systems that do not rely on conventional institutions for value transfer. A regulatory blueprint is proposed for governing such monetary orders as 'commons' governance. The rise of Decentralised Finance and other financial innovations in the crypto economy are also discussed, and the book suggests a framework for regulatory consideration in this dynamic landscape in order to meet a balance of public interest objectives and private interests. By setting out a reform agenda in relation to economic and financial governance in the crypto economy, this forward-looking work argues for the extension of 'regulatory capitalism' to this perceived 'wild west' of an alternative economic space. It advances the message that an innovative regulatory agenda is needed to account for the economically disruptive and technologically transformative developments brought about by the crypto economy.

Title 40 presents regulations governing care of the environment from the 14 subchapters of Chapter I and from the provisions regarding the Council on Environmental Quality found in Chapter V. Programs addressing air, water, pesticides, radiation protection, and noise abatement are included. Practices for waste and toxic materials disposal and clean-up are also prescribed. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by July. Publication follows within six months.

The music business is a multifaceted, transnational industry that operates within complex and rapidly changing political, economic, cultural and technological contexts. The mode and manner of how music is created, obtained, consumed and exploited is evolving rapidly. It is based on relationships that can be both complimentary and at times confrontational, and around roles that interact, overlap and sometimes merge, reflecting the competing and coinciding interests of creative artists and music industry professionals. It falls to music law and legal practice to provide the underpinning framework to enable these complex relationships to flourish, to provide a means to resolve disputes, and to facilitate commerce in a challenging and dynamic business environment. The Present and Future of Music Law presents thirteen case studies written by experts in their fields, examining a range of key topics at the points where music law and the post-digital music industry intersect, offering a timely exploration of the current landscape and insights into the future shape of the interface between music business and music law.

Title 40 presents regulations governing care of the environment from the 14 subchapters of Chapter I and from the provisions regarding the Council on Environmental Quality found in Chapter V. Programs addressing air, water, pesticides, radiation protection, and noise abatement are included. Practices for waste and toxic materials disposal and clean-up are also prescribed. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by July. Publication follows within six months.

Title 22 presents regulations governing the Department of State, the International Development Cooperation Agency, the Peace Corps, and other federal agencies regarding foreign relations. It includes regulations pertaining to Foreign Service personnel, visas, nationality and passports, diplomatic privileges and immunities, and international agreements. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by April. Publication follows within six months.

Haiti is the first, and only, modern nation-state to be created as the result of a successful slave revolution. However, since its emancipation, the Haitian state has been forced to pay Western states compensation for the loss of the enslaved people, contended with a chronically unstable and authoritarian state system, and has been ranked as the poorest economy in the Western hemisphere. Black Interdictions exposes the antiblack racism latent in the US government's Haitian refugee policies of the 1980s and 1990s that set the tone for the criminalization of migrants and refugees in the new millennium and lead to the migration and refugee policies of the Trump era. Within this experience of controlled mobility many Haitians find themselves in a devastating catch-22, unable to survive in their home nation and unable to find a better way of life elsewhere due to border enforcement strategies, strict immigration policies, and unprecedented measures to prevent asylum claims. This type of radical exclusion is singular to the black experience and the black/nonblack binary must be factored into an analysis of the US migration regime. It shows how techniques of control applied to black populations, whether free or slave, migrant, or native-born, have been precursors for policies and practices applied to nonblack migrants and refugees. It is not possible to work together for equity and justice if we are not prepared to grapple with this divisive history and the instinct to avoid dealing with the singularity of the black experience participates in the orders of knowledge and power that have been fostered by antiblack racism. This book will be of interest to scholars of migration and refugee studies, black studies, legal studies, public policy and international relations, and many others.

Title 40 presents regulations governing care of the environment from the 14 subchapters of Chapter I and from the provisions regarding the Council on Environmental Quality found in Chapter V. Programs addressing air, water, pesticides, radiation protection, and noise abatement are included. Practices for waste and toxic materials disposal and clean-up are also prescribed. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by July. Publication follows within six months.

This work provides important insights into how judges and arbitrators resolve complex commercial disputes in both national and international settings. The analysis is built from three major research sources which ensures that the analysis can bridge evidence of perception, behaviours, and outcomes amongst judges and arbitrators. A statistical survey provides a benchmark and point of comparison with the subjective statements arising from an extensive programme of interviews and questionnaires to provide an objective lens on the reasoning process that informs decisions and awards in practice. The outcome, presented in Legal Reasoning across Commercial Disputes, is an evidence-based model of the determining factors in legal reasoning by identifying and quantifying approximately seventy-five objective markers for which data can be compared across the arbitral-judicial, domestic-international, and common law-civil law divides. The methodology provides for a thorough and contextual assessment of legal reasoning by judges and arbitrators in commercial disputes. Legal Reasoning across Commercial Disputes investigates the level of sophistication and complexity associated with commercial arbitration relative to commercial litigation through domestic courts. The study not only helps parties make more informed choices about where and how to resolve their legal disputes, it also assists judges and arbitrators in carrying out their duties by improving counsel's understanding about how to best to craft and present legal arguments and submissions. The study also addresses longstanding theoretical concerns about the legitimacy of national and international commercial arbitration by replacing assumptions and anecdotes with objective data. The final part of the book draws together the various strands of analysis and concludes with a number of forward-looking proposals about how a deeper understanding of legal and judicial reasoning can be established to improve the quality of decisions and outcomes for all parties.

Tenancy law has developed in all EU member states for decades, or even centuries, but constitutes a widely blank space in comparative and European law. This book fills an important gap in the literature by considering the diverse and complex panorama of housing policies, markets and their legal regulation across Europe. Expert contributors argue that while unification is neither politically desired nor opportune, a European recommendation of best practices including draft rules and default contracts implementing a regulatory equilibrium would be a rewarding step forward. Despite the lack of EU legislation, policies and legislation in areas ranging from anti-poverty, energy, and tax to consumer law and human rights have generated important, though largely unnoticed, collateral effects on the field. This book opens by presenting a representative picture of the social, economic and legal embeddedness of this sector in Western, Central and Eastern Europe. Contributions then deal more narrowly with the legal regulation of different jurisdictions? tenancy contracts. Tenancy Law and Housing Policy in Europe makes a significant contribution to our understanding of issues in tenancy and housing that will be welcomed by academics and advanced students in law across Europe. Contributors include: S.N. Aznar, E. Bargelli, R. Bianchi, M. Drofenik, M.O. Garcia, M. Habdas, M.E.A. Haffner, J. Hegedus, V. Horvath, A. Hussar, M. Jordan, J. Juul-Sandberg, A. Klopp, I. Kull, S. Meznar, H.S. Moreno, P. Norberg, G. Panek, E.M. Roig, C.U. Schmid, K. Xerri

Title 25 presents regulations relating to Native Americans administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior in the areas of human services, education, tribal government, finance, land and water, energy and minerals, fish and wildlife, housing, heritage preservation, Indian arts and crafts, gaming, and relocation. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by April. Publication follows within six months.

Title 40 presents regulations governing care of the environment from the 14 subchapters of Chapter I and from the provisions regarding the Council on Environmental Quality found in Chapter V. Programs addressing air, water, pesticides, radiation protection, and noise abatement are included. Practices for waste and toxic materials disposal and clean-up are also prescribed. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by July. Publication follows within six months.

European Union citizenship is increasingly relevant in the context of both the refugee crisis and Brexit, yet the issue of citizenship is neither new nor unique to the EU. Using historical, political and sociological perspectives, the authors explore varied experiences of combining multiple identities into a single sense of citizenship. Cases are taken from Canada, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey to assess the various experiences of communities being incorporated into one entity. The studies show that the EU has a comparatively large degree of diversity and complexity, with levels of integration achieved in a relatively short timeframe. Advisory models based on Canada and Switzerland allow for the EU integration processes to continue while protecting diversity and upholding common institutions. Citizenship in Segmented Societies will appeal to academics and students in the field of European and federalist studies with a focus on multiculturalism and linguistic pluralism, minority rights, and citizenship issues. It will also be of interest to those with a particular interest in historical and comparative analysis of the EU. Contributors include: A.C. Bianculli, F. Cheneval, C. Erdogan, M. Ferrin, V. Hlousek, J. Jordana, S. Lopez, M. Sanjaume-Calvet, G. Tavits, H. Yilmaz, C.I. Velasco Rico