Experimental Toxicology is an important text for undergraduates, post-graduates and professionals involved with studying or teaching this often controversial subject. It addresses the basic issues concerned with the practice of experimental toxicology and discusses in detail the following topics: experimental design; biochemical issues; animal husbandry; species differences; immunological issues; carcinogenesis; reproductive approaches; statistics; genetics; in vitro and molecular approaches; risk assessment; information resources; aspects of legislation; good laboratory practice; and laboratory design. The book has been updated and revised to reflect the many changes that have taken place since the first edition was published five years ago and this 2nd Edition gives special attention to the extensive changes that have taken place in the areas of molecular, genetic and reproductive toxicology and in the knowledge regarding the multiplicity of enzymes involved in foreign compound metabolism. Experimental Toxicology is a must for newcomers to the field who wish to gain an understanding of what toxicology is all about. It will also be of interest to experienced practitioners and to professionals from other areas who need a rapid introduction to the subject.

The purpose of this book is to review the basic science and clinical findings concerning maternal substance abuse and the developing nervous system of unborn children. The short-term but vitally significant repercussions of such exposure on biological development, with particular reference to the nervous system, are discussed. The book also discusses the profound influence of maternal substance abuse on behavior in adulthood, which is caused by subtle changes in the chemistry or structure of the developing nervous system. The subject will not only be of interest to clinical and basic science researchers and teachers in the field of maternal substance abuse, but also to individuals in psychology, social work, cellular and molecular biolgoy, embryology, neuroscience, pharmacology, and in clinical professions such as pediatrics, neonatology, and obstetrics. The breadth of topics covered includes alcohol, cocaine, opiates, nicotine, benzodiazepines, marijuana, and the role of stress and hormones. Emphasis is placed on the relationship of the effects of substance abuse on neurotrophic factors and receptors.
Key Features
* Shows how abused substances act directly or indirectly to mimic or influence the action of neurotrophic factors
* Explains that the transient expression of peptides, neurotransmitters, and receptors can be markedly disturbed by drugs
* Demonstrates that animal and tissue culture studies are consistent with clinical observations and important in understanding and ameliorating adverse actions of drugs in early life

This book summarizes information about indoor air quality and ventilation in both new and existing commercial buildings. The quality of indoor air is dependent on the complex interaction between sources of indoor pollutants, environmental factors within buildings such as temperature and humidity, the removal of air pollutants by air cleaning devices, and the removal and dilution of pollutants from inside air by ventilation. The book addresses specific pollutants in the second section.

* Toxics A to Z features and alphabetical listing of over 100 toxics, identifying ...* What they are* How they are measured* Where they are found* The symptoms of exposure* What their known risks are* How we can lessen or avoid those risks* An easy-to-use Cross-Reference Guide to help readers identify toxics in 18 major groups, including indoor and outdoor air pollutants, household items, and lawn and garden products* A glossary of terms, explanation of abbreviations, and listing of sources for further help and information

For most of us, life is spent in one vast electromagnetic field. In the office we sit in front of computer terminals, at home, in front of the television. We cook our meals in microwave ovens, trim our hedges with electric shears, illuminate our houses, workplaces, and streets with incandescent and fluorescent lighting. And until only recently, the potential hazards imposed by life in the shadows of high-voltage power lines have hardly been considered. First published in 1973, Power Over People was the first book to address the frightening potential side effects of our dependence on electrical energy. Now brought up to date with a new introduction, and including an epilogue that offers the most current studies and findings available today, this classic book is more timely than ever. Louise Young here lays bare the short-sighted, materialistic policies of the electric power industry, showing how power and the conglomerates that produce it have clearly won out over rights and safety concerns of people. She provides disturbing documentary evidence that demonstrates how long-term exposure to radiation from power lines can cause brain cancer, childhood leukemia, as well as damage to the nervous system. Through the course of the book we come to understand that what is often blindly accepted as "progress" can mean the inexorable advance of environmental destruction and the withering-rather than enhancing-of the quality of life in America. Based on a case-study of a small, rural community in Ohio, Young shows in compelling fashion what happens when a grass-roots group of concerned citizens resists the construction of the world's largest electrical transmission towers, literally in their own backyards. Her story of their ultimate failure becomes a stinging indictment of indifferent government agencies and the lax laws that fail to protect the environment. Lively, readable, and, at times, even shocking, this is a book for environmentally-minded and safety-conscious readers of the 1990s. Its wealth of information, its incisive analysis, and its bold confrontation of facts we can no longer afford to ignore make Power Over People a book everyone should read and reflect upon.

This 1992 volume addresses the problems arising from pollutants that all too commonly contaminate the indoor environment, including biological sources such as bacteria, fungi and moulds, common combustion products, radon and other sources of radiation, solvents used in industry and the home, asbestos and dust pollution. The aim is to provide a balanced account of the health risks associated with these major pollutants and to quantify the scale of the problem on a pollutant-by-pollutant basis. Each chapter covers exposure levels, sources of pollution and routes of uptake, health effects, control measures, and regulatory guidelines.

First Published in 1992. The last decade of the twentieth century has seen an unprecedented advocacy for the preservation of a safe environment, and the prevention of ill-health from toxic chemicals. Human activity, however, is responsible for introducing new toxins into the environment. In order to control competitors for human food sources, an armament of pesticides has been assembled and their widespread and largely uncontrolled application has been permitted. It is only when the health of the population begins to suffer from the effects of these chemicals that the efficacy of their use is questioned. Decision-makers whose roles involve the promotion and control of the environment must look to lessons that can be learnt from biosystems that include animals other than man. Toxins and Targets details the way in which organisms from diverse habitats in the plant and animal kingdoms have adapted to handle toxins safely. Part I, on the aquatic environment, highlights the means by which marine organisms have adapted their toxins to be effective in a world of high aqueous solubility and infinite dilution. Part II deals with venomous terrestrial organisms and the mechanisms by which they damage animal cells, and Part III considers the way in which human society attempts to investigate toxicity and to control both synthetic and naturally occurring poisons. The development of a safe environ ment depends on increased knowledge and novel approaches to solving escalating problems. This book is a step towards this end.

Drinking alcohol can, in rare instances, provoke a temporary psychotic often violent reaction called pathological intoxication. Although it was medically identified in 1869, pathological intoxication has been an enigma to the law for over a century, primarily because the actual medical and psychiatric aspects of the concept have not been adequately explained before. But, as the authors of this volume point out, it is crucial for the defense attorney and the prosecutor to understand whether pathological or ordinary intoxication is involved in a particular case because pathological intoxication furnishes the basis of important and perhaps decisive defense strategies beyond those which derive from ordinary intoxication. This interdisciplinary study provides the first in-depth exploration of both the medical and psychiatric facts underlying the phenomenon of pathological intoxication and explores the suitability of various defense theories.

Written especially for practicing criminal defense lawyers, public defenders, prosecutors, and forensic psychiatrists, the volume begins by examining the clinical and experimental evidence of pathological intoxication. In subsequent chapters, the authors alert the attorney to the indications that a defendant should be examined for possible pathological intoxication and include hard-to-find medical sources of support for the concept to persuade courts and prosecutors of its legitimacy. A series of chapters thoroughly explores all the relevant legal defense strategies available in pathological intoxication cases including the defense of automatism, the law of insanity, involuntary intoxication, and diminished capacity and extreme mental and emotional disturbance. Throughout, the authors incorporate both domestic and foreign literature relating to pathological intoxication. The inclusion of ample case examples as well as a wealth of medical and psychiatric data make this book a major contribution to our understanding of both the phenomenon of pathological intoxication and its implications for legal defense strategy.

This is an analysis of the 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments, the successor to the 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and, perhaps, the most important environmental law of the past decade and a half. This highly readable, policy-oriented manual interprets and explains the Amendments, as well as their intended and unintended side effects. It shows how the new legislation broadened the size of the regulated community, explains the new responsibilities for polluters not previously covered by the law, and outlines the new, more stringent requirements concerning every aspect of hazardous and solid waste management.

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The dependency of the human race on plants as renewable sources of many foodstuffs, drugs, textiles, fuel, and building materials in generally acknowledged. However, the harmful effects produced by certain plant constituents, which result in an increasing incidence of poisoning cases in the United States each year, are not so widely appreciated. This book is not intended to be a comprehensive treatise on all substances from plants that are lethal or otherwise injurious to humans or livestock. Instead, owing to tremendous recent advances in the understanding of the chemical nature of their toxic principles, it reviews selected toxic plants which have been hitherto inadequately documented in previous texts.

Toxins and Other Harmful Compounds in Foods provides information on the contents, distribution, chemical properties, and biological activity of toxins and other harmful compounds in foods that are natural components of the raw materials, accumulated due to microbial actions and environmental pollution, or are generated due to processing. This book shows how different factors related to the production of raw materials, as well as to storage and processing conditions, affect the presence and concentration of toxins and other harmful compounds in foods. It shows how various regulations, as well as unit operations and processes used in food production, may eliminate different toxins or generate new ones. The real health hazards for the consumers resulting from the presence of toxic/harmful compounds in aliments are discussed, and various national and international regulations obligatory in agriculture and industry aimed at increasing food safety are presented. Methods of analysis used for detection and determination of undesirable compounds are also discussed, making it possible to understand the effect of storage and processing parameters, as well as systems of quality assurance, on food safety and to select optimum procedures for analytical control.

Toxicological Risk Assessment and Multisystem Health Impacts From Exposure highlights the emerging problems of human and environmental health attributable to cumulative and multiple sources of long-term exposure to environmental toxicants. The book describes the cellular, biological, immunological, endocrinologic, genetic, and epigenetic effects of long-term exposure. It examines how the combined exposure to nanomaterials, metals, pharmaceuticals, multifrequency radiation, dietary mycotoxins, and pesticides accelerates ecotoxicity in humans, animals, plants, and the larger environment. The book goes on to also offer insights into mixture risk assessments, protocols for evaluating the risks, and how this information can serve the regulatory agencies in setting safer exposure limits. The book is a go-to resource for scientists and professionals in the field tackling the current and emerging trends in modern toxicology and risk assessment.

Toxicological research targets the identification of risk factors that trigger harmful effects as a result of exposure, which may leads to acute illnesses, chronic disease or even immediate death. It is clear that exposing people intentionally to chemicals is limited both scientifically and ethically. Therefore, the assessment of chemical safety is predominantly based on animal testing as a substitute to study toxic effects of environmental chemicals in humans. A broad range of animal models have been developed to test different types and levels of toxicity, comprising tests for immunotoxicty, carcinogenicity and reproduction toxicity. In this regard, regulations and policies have been adopted to enhance the protection of human health and the environment from the risks that may develop through chemical exposures. One of the consequences of this regulation is an enormous increase in the number of laboratory animals needed to perform such safety evaluations. With this increase, regulations have been developed with regard to the ethical acceptability of such tests, leading to a demand for a development of animal free alternatives. In relation, the completion of the human genome project and sequencing of the genomes of many other organisms have opened new tracks in the biological area. Analysis of gene expression and proteomics have made it mandatory to combine mathematics, biology and information technology in one bioinformatics framework, which has been a growing field in recent years. Applying this technology to toxicology, known as toxicogenomics, has provided new potentials to the field, including compound screening for hazards, dose-response assessment, prediction of sensitivity to toxic agent and assessment of cellular response to different agents. However, despite the potential capability of the combination of genomic technologies with toxicology to improve risk assessment and the predictive capabilities, still many challenge ahead of the growing field. This book sheds light on the tools, benefits and applications of this newly developed field. In addition, an emphasis will be put on toxicogenomic databases and how they have improved throughout the last decade. This book discusses: an introduction to toxicogenomics in Chapter 1 followed by an illustration of the technologies encompassed in toxicogenomics as described in Chapter 2. This is followed by a description of study design and data analysis in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 discusses the current databases of toxicogenomics in terms of organization, methods of analysis and pitfalls. Chapter 5 discusses the common applications of toxicogenomic technologies. Chapter 6 addresses ethical considerations in the implementation of toxicogenomics and finally chapter 7 discusses the future directions of toxicogenomics.

This book attempts to provide an overview of the food contaminant, aflatoxin, with adverse effects on human and animal health. Aflatoxins are one of the food contaminants of greatest concern in food safety and was identified decades back. Still, it is prevailing today not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. The first reason is that aflatoxin is a a toxin produced by Aspergillus species (mainly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus), the fungus with one of the most diverse range of substratum adaptability for growth and is ubiquitously found in a variety of food commodities such as, cereals, nuts, spices and herbs. The second reason is that the main route of exposure is through the diet, and this toxin can cause disease, even if the meat of an animal is consumed, which was fed on aflatoxin contaminated feed. Depending upon the type of exposure, humans can develop acute aflatoxicosis or chronic alfatoxicosis, which is essentially long-term aflatoxin exposure and is linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. On the other hand, acute aflatoxicosis is characterized by one time high dose of aflatoxin contaminated diet, causing hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver, bile duct proliferation, edema and lethargy, which subsequently damages the liver and further leads to death. In this book we have discussed the topics aflatoxin biosynthesis, aflatoxin contamination in foods and feeds, aflatoxicosis in human and animals. It is an attempt to understand and manage the occurrence of human and animal exposure to aflatoxin.

Air pollution is broad term applied to chemical, physical or any other agent that modifies the natural characteristics of our atmosphere. The atmosphere is advanced and dynamic natural gaseous system that is necessary to support life on earth. World has faced many air pollution disasters as the skies over Donora, a city of Pennsylvania, turned black in 1948. This severe darkness last for five days straight. Town and its residents were surrounded by dangerous clouds of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide as well as metallic dust pollution. This huge black cloud was due to the hazardous pollution from a nearby steel plant as well as zinc smelter in the valley. This also causes a "burning sensation" to the throat, nose as well as the eyes of local residents in the town and the residents also suffered too many other health problems. This disaster leads to the death of 20 people as well. The numbers were worse in different parts of the world, especially developing countries, where air pollution leads to 4-7 million premature deaths. The air pollution disaster of Bhopal India took thousands of live and its effects still occurs even after decades. It is the time when people around the world realized the need to take the problem of air pollution seriously. With time different sources of air pollution were highlighted. Finally in 21st century the issue of air pollution especially the toxicology of air pollutants has been given full consideration and has been adopted as challenge. The toxicology which is related to various air pollutants has already been evolved since last 60 years of attention. Customarily it is thought that it is all about exposure-dose-effect as an important optimal model but advancements in the science of toxicology have suggested that the complication of interactions may also occur at the biological domains, for instance, the loss of compensation as well as sensitization to consequent challenges with the same or another toxicant or perhaps just a nonspecific stressor whose threshold of response may have been lowered. In spite of, the future air pollution toxicologist will need to adopt conventional as well as cutting-edge technology as a tool in order to introduce novel and sustainable study designs capable of dissecting the complexity of the biological system itself as well, as that of the air pollution in all its diverse forms. Inhalation of such toxic air pollutants can enhance chances of facing health problems. This book contains 14 chapters which deal with the Toxicology of Air Pollutants in detail including their sources, their effects on health and environment, other effects, laws, rules and regulation as well as measures that may be taken.

This book delineates how systems biology, pharmacogenomic, and behavioral approaches, as applied to neurodevelopmental toxicology, provide a structure to arrange information in a biological model. The text reviews and discusses approaches that can be used as effective tools to dissect mechanisms underlying pharmacological and toxicological phenomena associated with the exposure to drugs or environmental toxicants during development. The book intends to elaborate functional outcomes of component-to-component relationships using rodent and nonhuman primate in vitro and in vivo models that allow for the directional and quantitative description of the complete organism in response to environmental perturbations. In addition, attention has also been directed to some of the more recent methodologies, including genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, applied in the evolutionary neurobiological field.

The most talked about metalloid in the modern world, arsenic affects the liver, kidney, and lungs; leads to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes; and may cause blindness with long-time exposure. With naturally occurring arsenic boosted by mining and other industrial processes contaminating soil and drinking water, arsenic toxicity is a major challenge to health professionals and scientists around the world. Arsenic Toxicity: Prevention and Treatment reviews current understanding of arsenic poisoning and the health consequences resulting from exposure. The book paints a vivid picture of the sources of arsenic toxicity including ground water; food such as rice, fruits and vegetables, fish, and chicken as well as occupational exposures from industries using inorganic arsenic such as glass production, non-ferrous alloy, wood preservation, and semiconductor manufacturing units. The text details the health hazards of arsenic toxicity and then examines removal, mainly from soil and water, highlighting eco-friendly bioremediation techniques. It discusses classical and modern treatment methods for arsenic toxicity, emphasizing the use of nutraceuticals and functional foods. With its focus on the remediation of arsenic toxicity using nutraceutical and functional food, the book provides a unique resource for combatting this global scourge. It provides strategies for defending arsenic toxicity naturally without causing any additional adverse effects.

Since the first publication of this book in 2007, the field of nanoscience and nanomedicine continues to grow substantially. This second edition, Nanotoxicology: Progress toward Nanomedicine, enlists internationally recognized experts to document the continuing development and rationale for the safe design of engineered nanomaterials (ENM). This includes new improved characterization endpoints, screening, and detection methods for in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing. These tools also contribute greatly to nanosafety research applied to nanomedicines. Topics include The impacts of nanotechnology on biomedicine, including functionalization for tissue-specific targeting, the biointeractions of multifunctional nanoparticle-based therapy, and the ability to control specific physicochemical properties of nanoparticles The requirements for proper detection, measurement, and assessment both for workplace exposure and in consumer products-with a focus on potential health and safety implications Predictive modeling, using quantitative nanostructure activity relationships to predict the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of nanomaterials in the body Specific methodologies, imaging, and techniques to assess nanomaterials from the manufacturing process to nanomedicine applications Tools for assessing nanoparticle toxicity and the limitations of detection methods for assessing toxicity in both in vivo and in vitro systems and at the single cell and tissue levels Toxicity of nanomaterials to specific organ systems, cell-based targeting to tumors, and other biomedical applications The difficulty of conducting risk assessments and the need for addressing knowledge gaps, especially with long-term studies A roadmap for future research The development of nanotechnology-based products must be complemented with appropriate validated methods to assess, monitor, manage, and reduce the potential risks of ENM to human health and the environment. This volume provides a cogent survey of advances in this area by a well-respected and diverse group of international scientists.

Clinicians undergoing competency testing, certification, and periodic recertification are frequently faced with computer-based exams designed to evaluate clinical acumen and judgment. Test questions often include an image or radiograph followed by a vignette of the clinical encounter and a series of questions. Designed to better prepare practitioners for image-intense, computer-based examinations in their respective fields, Atlas of Human Poisoning and Envenoming is a visual and written reminder of the ubiquitous sources of toxins and toxoids in the environment and the outcomes of accidental or intentional toxic exposures in humans. The Second Edition has been restructured with bulleted text, tables, and figures resembling the vignettes that accompany national examinations. Combining the four specialties of toxicology-analytical, medical, environmental, and industrial-into one comprehensive atlas, the book presents photographs and diagrams of toxic plants and animals, their mechanisms of poisoning or envenoming, and the human responses caused by toxic exposure. Highlights of the new edition include: Prescription and illicit drug abuse epidemics Environmental and occupational nephrotoxicology and neurotoxicology Tick paralysis Petrochemical toxicants Biological, chemical, and radiological warfare agents Workplace substance abuse screening and monitoring Epidemiological design and statistical analysis of toxicological investigations The book is conveniently divided into four sections covering general medical toxicology, environmental toxicology, industrial and occupational toxicology, and epidemiology and statistics for toxicology. Supplemented with a 16-page color insert, the second edition includes new images and tables. The atlas will be a useful study guide for a range of practitioners preparing for a lifetime of image-intense national examinations.

From 1962 to 1971, the U.S. military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of U.S. base camps and outlying fire-support bases. In response to concerns and continuing uncertainty about the long-term health effects of the sprayed herbicides on Vietnam veterans, Veterans and Agent Orange provides a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange and other herbicides used in Vietnam. The 2008 report is the eighth volume in this series of biennial updates. It will be of interest to policy makers and physicians in the federal government, veterans and their families, veterans' organizations, researchers, and health professionals. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Evaluating the Evidence 3 Exposure to the Herbicides Used in Vietnam 4 Information Related to Biologic Plausibility 5 Epidemiologic Studies - New Citations and Background on Repeatedly Studied Populations 6 Cancer 7 Reproductive Effects and Impacts on Future Generations 8 Neurologic Disorders 9 Other Health Effects 10 Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix A: Agendas of Public Meetings Held by the Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Seventh Biennial Update) Appendix B: Clarification of Cancer Groupings Used in Reporting Results, with Correspondence to NIOSH Cause-of-Death Codes and ICD Codes for Cancers Appendix C: Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Seventh Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies

A wide-ranging compilation of techniques, Extrapolation Practice for Ecotoxicological Effect Characterization of Chemicals describes methods of extrapolation in the framework of ecological risk assessment. The book, informally known as EXPECT, identifies data needs and situations where these extrapolations can be most usefully applied, making it a practical guide to the application of extrapolation procedures. It focuses on the extrapolation of chemical effects and covers the extrapolation of exposures in the context of interactions between toxicants and the matrix.

A unique reference containing detailed reviews of more than 900 drugs and poisons, the Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook, Fourth Edition provides the latest information on medicinal, biological, herbal, and non-medicinal agents, and antidotes. Increasing its depth and scope with analyses of newer drugs, chemicals, and environmental toxins, including drugs that have been recently approved by the FDA, this book is a compendium of useful resources. The present volume provides locations and phone numbers of poison control centers throughout the country, organizations offering information on toxicology, and teratology information services. It presents diagnostic testing and analytical procedures, evaluates the effectiveness of antidotes, and features an extensive symptoms listing. The section on special topics provides detailed treatment protocols, hospital preparedness guidelines, position statements, and practice guidelines focused on the treatment of toxicities. This fourth edition keeps you up to date in one of the most exciting and expanding fields in medical science.

Continuing the tradition set by the first and second editions, each a bestseller in its own right, the third edition of Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology provides reviews of environmental agents, updated to reflect the latest information on how these agents influence immune system function and health. For the first time in the book's history, an entire section covers the phylogeny and ontogeny of the immune system, spanning levels of biological complexity from earthworms to marine mammals.

This book addresses the biological effects of the reasonably large number of classes of compounds that have been recognized as endocrine disrupters. These compounds have been found to persist as pollutants in the environment, and have been blamed for causing developmental disorders and/or fertility problems in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and possibly humans. This book presents the relevant fundamentals of the endocrine systems of animals and humans, the toxicology, developmental toxicology, ecology, and risk assessment methods, and lays out the current state of understanding for the whole field, organized by the classes of compounds that have been identified as endocrine disrupters.