Perhaps no work of history written in the 20th century has done
more to undermine an existing consensus and cause its readers to
re-evaluate their own preconceptions than has Jonathan
Riley-Smith's revisionist account of the motives of the first
crusaders. Riley-Smith's thesis - based on extensive original
research and firmly rooted in his refusal to uncritically accept
the evidence or reasoning of earlier historians - is that the
majority of the men who travelled to the east on crusade in the
years 1098-1100 were primarily motivated by faith. This finding,
which ran directly counter to at least four centuries of consensus
that other motives, not least greed for land, were more important,
has helped to stimulate exciting reappraisals of the whole
crusading movement. Riley-Smith backed it up with forensic
examination of the key crusader-inspiring speech delivered by Pope
Urban II, looking to clarify the meanings of five competing
contemporary accounts in order to understand how an initially
simple, and rather confused, appeal for help became a sophisticated
rationale for the concept of 'just war.'
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