Has male dominance in political life been broken? Will gender
balance in elected assemblies soon be reached? Around 100 years
after women's suffrage was gained, and in spite of much effort,
most countries are still at some distance from this goal. In 2013,
the average representation of women in the world's parliaments was
around 20 per cent. This book analyses the longitudinal development
of women's political representation in eight old democracies, where
women were enfranchised before and around World War I: Denmark,
Iceland, Germany, The Netherlands, New Jersey (USA), New South
Wales (Australia), Sweden, and the United Kingdom. These
countries/states have all followed an incremental track model of
change in women's position in political life, but have followed
different trajectories. This slow development stands in contrast to
recent examples of fast track development in many countries from
the Global South, not least as a result of the adoption of gender
quotas. Furthermore, the book discusses in four separate chapters
the common historical development in old democracies, the different
trajectories and sequences, the framing of women politicians, and
the impact of party and party system change. In this book an
innovative model of male dominance is developed and defined in
terms of both degree and scope. Four stages are identified: male
monopoly, small minority, large minority, and gender balance. The
book then reconceptualizes male dominance by looking at horizontal
and vertical sex segregation in politics, at male-coded norms in
the political workplace and at discourses of women as politicians.
According to the time-lag theory, gender balance in politics will
gradually be achieved. However, this theory is challenged by recent
stagnation and drops in women's representation in some of the old
democracies. A new concept of conditional irreversibility is
developed in the final discussion about whether we are heading for
gender balance in politics.
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