The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has developed this
publication, Site and Urban Design for Security: Guidance against
Potential Terrorist Attacks, to provide information and design
concepts for the protection of buildings and occupants, from site
perimeters to the faces of buildings. The intended audience
includes the design community of architects, landscape architects,
engineers and other consultants working for private institutions,
building owners and managers and state and local government
officials concerned with site planning and design. Immediately
after September 11, 2001, extensive site security measures were put
in place, particularly in the two target cities of New York and
Washington. However, many of these security measures were applied
on an ad hoc basis, with little regard for their impacts on
development pat-terns and community character. Property owners,
government entities and others erected security barriers to limit
street access and installed a wide variety of security devices on
sidewalks, buildings, and transportation facilities. The short-term
impacts of these measures were certainly justified in the immediate
aftermath of the events of September 11, 2001, but traffic
patterns, pedestrian mobility, and the vitality of downtown street
life were increasingly jeopardized. Hence, while the main objective
of this manual is to reduce physical damage to buildings and
related infrastructure through site design, the purpose of FEMA 430
is also to ensure that security design provides careful attention
to urban design values by maintaining or even enhancing the site
amenities and aesthetic quality in urban and semi-urban areas. This
publication focuses on site design aimed to protect buildings from
attackers using vehicles carrying explosives. These represent the
most serious form of attack. Large trucks enable terrorists to
carry very large amounts of explosives that are capable of causing
casualties and destruction over a range of many hundreds of yards.
Perimeter barriers and protective design within the site can
greatly reduce the possibility of vehicle penetration. Introduction
of smaller explosive devices, carried in suitcases or backpacks,
must be prevented by pedestrian screening methods. Site design for
security, however, may impact the function and amenity of the site,
and barrier and access control design may impact the quality of the
public space within the adjacent neighborhood and community. The
designer's role is to ensure that public amenity and the aesthetics
of the site surroundings are kept in balance with security needs.
This publication contains a number of examples in which the
security/ amenity balance has been maintained through careful
design and collaboration between designers and security experts.
Much security design work since September 11, 2001, has been
applied to federal and state projects, and these provide many of
the design examples shown. At present, federal government projects
are subject to mandatory security guidelines that do not apply to
private sector projects, but these guidelines provide a valuable
information resource in the absence of comparable guidelines or
regulations applying to private development. Operations and
management issues and the detailed design of access control,
intrusion alarm systems, electronic perimeter protection, and
physical security devices, such as locking devices, are the
province of the security consultant and are not covered here,
except as they may impact the conceptual design of the site.
Limited information only is provided on some aspects of chemical,
biological and radiological (CBR) attacks that are significant for
site designers; extensive discussion of approaches to these threats
can be found in FEMA 426.
General
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