The outbreak of the French Revolution and the Industrial
Revolution at the turn of the nineteenth century transformed the
world and ushered in the modern age, whose currents challenged the
traditional political order and the prevailing religious
establishment. The new secular framework presented a potential
threat to the papal leadership of the Catholic community, which was
profoundly affected by the rush towards modernization. In the
nineteenth century the transnational church confronted a world
order dominated by the national state, until the emergence of
globalization towards the close of the twentieth century. Here,
Coppa focuses on Rome's response to the modern world, exploring the
papacy's political and diplomatic role during the past two
centuries. He examines the Vatican's impact upon major ideological
developments over the years, including capitalism, nationalism,
socialism, communism, modernism, racism, and anti-Semitism. At the
same time, he traces the continuity and change in the papacy's
attitude towards church-state relations and the relationship
between religion and science.
Unlike many earlier studies of the papacy, which examine this
unique institution as a self-contained unit and concentrate upon
its role within the church, this study examines this key religious
institution within the broader framework of national and
international political, diplomatic, social, and economic events.
Among other things, it explores such questions as the limits to be
placed on national sovereignty; the Vatican's critique of
capitalism and communism; the morality of warfare; and the need for
an equitable international order.
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