The scale of global transportation of oil cargoes has led to a
demand for increased control and international legislation to
combat accidental and operational dis charges of oily wastes and
residues at sea. Since 1954 the International Maritime Organisation
(IMO)* has provided the international forum for the development of
several proposals for controlling oil pollution from shipping,
which culminated in the 1973 International Convention for
Prevention of Pollution from Ships and the 1978 Protocol relating
to this Convention, together known as MARPOL 73178. Apart from the
requirement for improvements in the constructional design of
tankers, and operational procedures to enhance both safety and
pollution control in the carriage of oil and other noxious
substances at sea, MARPOL 73178 called for the extensive
installation of oil discharge monitoring, control and separating
equipment on board ships and offshore platforms. The 1973
Convention came into force in October 1983, twelve months after
sufficient countries had ratified it and agreed to abide by the
international rules and regulations. As a result, a large number of
systems have now been installed and are operational. The demand to
separate oil from water to give an oil content of less than 15
parts per million (ppm) and measure this on-line in an extremely
difficult environment has pro vided a considerable impetus for the
development of novel and robust instrumen tation and systems."
General
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