MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a member of the family of non-coding RNA
molecules, and consist of small conserved sequences between 19-25
nucleotides in length that are responsible for regulating many
cellular functions by affecting a wide range of messenger RNAs in a
sequence specific manner. Fundamental biological processes like
cell proliferation and growth, stress resistance, tumorigenesis,
fat metabolism, and neural development have all been shown to be
governed by miRNAs. miRNAs carry out the post-transcriptional
silencing of gene expression via targeting the 30-untranslated
region (UTR) of the complementary mRNA sequence. The dysregulation
of the expression levels of various miRNAs is typical of tumor
cells, and has been associated with tumor progression and poor
prognosis. Many miRNAs are up-regulated in cancer, where they can
silence tumor suppressor genes such as apoptosis and immune
response associated genes. Therefore, it is possible to profile the
expression levels of miRNAs as biomarkers, in order to diagnose
cancer and noncancerous diseases. Moreover, cancer detection in the
early stages is crucial in clinical situations. Characterization of
miRNAs in serum, plasma, and other bodily fluids, and understanding
their stability against RNase degradation, is important to assess
their suitability as biomarkers and diagnostic tools. Exosomes play
an important role in inter-cellular communications, and these
nanosized particles have various functions in diverse physiological
pathways, in normal as well as abnormal cells. Exosomes can carry
diverse cargos such as mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins that transfer
information between donor and recipient cells. Furthermore, uptake
of exosomes and their cargos may promote or suppress various
molecular and cellular pathways, which alter the cellular behavior.
Many reports have discussed the role of exosomes released from
cancer cells on the progression of cancer at various stages.
Exosomes and their cargos may affect the growth of the tumor,
metastasis, drug resistance, immune system function, as well as
angiogenesis. Therefore, exosomes have been explored as diagnostic
biomarkers in many cancers. Moreover, exosomes can be used as
biological vehicles to deliver different drugs and agents like
doxorubicin (DOX), miRNAs, and siRNAs. The present book covers the
role of exosomes and micro-RNAs in the pathogenesis and treatment
of various diseases.
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