God is not free to act; He is bound by human ethics. To be just, He
must create an individual of perfect intellect and infallible
morality. People are obligated to submit to this person; otherwise
eternal damnation awaits them. While these claims may be
interpreted as an affront to God's power, an insult to human
judgment and a justification for despotism, Shi'i Muslims in the
eleventh century eagerly adopted them in their attempts to forge a
'rational' religious discourse. They utilized everything from
literary studies and political theory to natural philosophy and
metaphysical speculation in support of this project. This book
presents the contribution of al-Sharif al-Murtada (d. 1044) of
Baghdad, the thinker most responsible for this irreversible change,
which remains central to Imami identity. It analyzes his
intellectual project and establishes the dynamic context which
prompted him to pour the old wine of Shi'i doctrine into the new
wineskin of systematic Mu'tazili theology.
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