How reforms limiting electoral misconduct completed the process of
democratization Between 1850 and 1918, many first-wave democracies
in Europe adopted electoral reforms that reduced the incidence of
electoral malfeasance. Drawing on analysis of parliamentary
deliberations and roll-call votes in France, Germany, Belgium, and
the United Kingdom, Protecting the Ballot explores how these
electoral changes came about. Reforms limiting electoral
malfeasance came in a variety of forms. Some reforms imposed
harsher punishments for bribing or the politicization of state
resources during campaigns. Other changes improved electoral
secrecy, providing better protection of voters' autonomy. By
mandating the presence of candidate representatives supervising
electoral operations, reforms also reduced the incidence of
electoral fraud. Isabela Mares documents how elite splits
facilitated the formation of parliamentary majorities in support of
electoral reforms. The political composition of these majorities
varied across countries and across issue area, depending on the
distribution of political resources and the economic and electoral
costs incurred by politicians with opportunities to engage in
malfeasance. Unpacking the electoral determinants of the demand for
reforms, Mares offers an alternative to theories of democratization
that emphasize economic considerations alone. By studying the
successful adoption of reforms limiting electoral irregularities in
first-wave democratic transitions, Protecting the Ballot sheds
light on the opportunities and obstacles for ending electoral
wrongdoing in recent democracies.
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