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Bir Umm Fawakhir 3 - Excavations 1999-2001 (Hardcover)
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Bir Umm Fawakhir 3 - Excavations 1999-2001 (Hardcover)
Series: Oriental Institute Publications
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Bir Umm Fawakhir 3 is the last of the final reports on the
archaeological surveys and excavations at the Byzantine site of Bir
Umm Fawakhir in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt; it remains the
only intensively studied ancient Egyptian gold-mining operation,
and one of very few completely mapped towns of the era. Along with
other recent excavations and surveys, it demonstrates the Byzantine
empire's continuing activities in the Eastern Desert, not
abandonment, as had long been believed. Four survey seasons, in
1992, 1993, 1996, and 1997, succeeded in dating the site to the
fifth- and sixth-century Coptic/Byzantine period, mapping in detail
the main settlement and one of the fourteen outlying settlements,
and determining that it was a gold-mining operation. The goals of
the 1999 excavations and the 2001 study season reported in this
volume were to answer questions about the site and its occupants
that surveys alone could not address, primarily the history of
occupation of the site and the status of its occupants. The 1999
excavations of a sample of the houses and middens were undertaken
to provide more information about the occupants and their
well-being or lack thereof. Two houses, two middens, and one
single-room outbuilding were excavated. Like the earlier
Roman-period stone quarries in the desert, the miners seem to have
worked intermittently and abandoned, or nearly so, the sitebetween
mining campaigns. The pottery study extends the corpora published
with previous seasons, and the chapter on small finds discusses the
wine jar dockets (dipinti), coins, jewelry, emeralds, metal, glass,
and other objects. Analysis of the faunal material during the 2001
study season supports the picture of a town well provided with
meat, not only sheep and goats but also an unusual amount of beef.
The volume is rounded out by an archaeobotanical study and the
conservators' reports, including the construction of a barricade at
the entrance to the site to help preserve it. A final chapter
summarizes what can now be said about life and work at ancient Bir
Umm Fawakhir.
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