Amnesty laws are political tools used since ancient times by states
wishing to quell dissent, introduce reforms, or achieve peaceful
relationships with their enemies. In recent years, they have become
contentious due to a perception that they violate international
law, particularly the rights of victims, and contribute to further
violence. This view is disputed by political negotiators who often
argue that amnesty is a necessary price to pay in order to achieve
a stable, peaceful, and equitable system of government. This book
aims to investigate whether an amnesty necessarily entails a
violation of a state's international obligations, or whether an
amnesty, accompanied by alternative justice mechanisms, can in fact
contribute positively to both peace and justice. This study began
by constructing an extensive Amnesty Law Database that contains
information on 506 amnesty processes in 130 countries introduced
since the Second World War. The database and chapter structure were
designed to correspond with the key aspects of an amnesty: why it
was introduced, who benefited from its protection, which crimes it
covered, and whether it was conditional. In assessing conditional
amnesties, related transitional justice processes such as selective
prosecutions, truth commissions, community-based justice
mechanisms, lustration, and reparations programmes were considered.
Subsequently, the jurisprudence relating to amnesty from national
courts, international tribunals, and courts in third states was
addressed. The information gathered revealed considerable disparity
in state practice relating to amnesties, with some aiming to
provide victims with a remedy, and others seeking to create
complete impunity for perpetrators. To date, few legal trends
relating to amnesty laws are emerging, although it appears that
amnesties offering blanket, unconditional immunity for state agents
have declined. Overall, amnesties have increased in popularity
since the 1990s and consequently, rather than trying to dissuade
states from using this tool of transitional justice, this book
argues that international actors should instead work to limit the
more negative forms of amnesty by encouraging states to make them
conditional and to introduce complementary programmes to repair the
harm and prevent a repetition of the crimes. David Dyzenhaus "This
is one of the best accounts in the truth and reconciliation
literature I've read and certainly the best piece of work on
amnesty I've seen." Diane Orentlicher "Ms Mallinder's ambitious
project provides the kind of empirical treatment that those of us
who have worked on the issue of amnesties in international law have
long awaited. I have no doubt that her book will be a much-valued
and widely-cited resource."
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