Border enforcement is a core element of the Department of Homeland
Security's (DHS's) effort to control unauthorized migration, with
the U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) within the Bureau of Customs and
Border Protection (CBP) as the lead agency along most of the
border. Border enforcement has been an ongoing subject of
congressional interest since the 1970s, when illegal immigration to
the United States first registered as a serious national problem;
and border security has received additional attention in the years
since the terrorist attacks of 2001. Since the 1990s, migration
control at the border has been guided by a strategy of "prevention
through deterrence"-the idea that the concentration of personnel,
infrastructure, and surveillance technology along heavily
trafficked regions of the border will discourage unauthorized
aliens from attempting to enter the United States. Since 2005, CBP
has attempted to discourage repeat entries and disrupt migrant
smuggling networks by imposing tougher penalties against certain
unauthorized aliens, a set of policies eventually described as
"enforcement with consequences." Most people apprehended at the
Southwest border are now subject to "high consequence" enforcement
outcomes.
General
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