The death of Spain's Don Carlos, Prince of Asturias, on July 24,
1568, remains an enigma. Several accounts insinuated that the
Spanish Crown Prince was murdered while incarcerated by order of
his father, King Philip II. The mystery of Don Carlos's death,
supported by ambassadorial accounts that implied foul play, became
a fertile subject for defamation campaigns against Philip,
fostering an extraordinary fluidity between history and fiction.
This book investigates three treatments of the Don Carlos legend on
which this fluidity had a potent, transformational impact: Cesar
Vichard de Saint-Real's novel, Dom Carlos, nouvelle historique
(1672), Friedrich Schiller's play, Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien
(1787), and Giuseppe Verdi's opera, Don Carlos (1867). Through
these cultural variations on a historical theme, the authors and
composer contributed innovative elements to their genres. In The
Don Carlos Enigma, the exciting young scholar Maria-Cristina Necula
explores how the particular blend of history and fiction around the
personage of Don Carlos inspired such artistic liberties with
evolutionary outcomes. Saint-Real advanced the nouvelle historique
genre by developing the element of conspiracy. Schiller's play
began the transition from the Sturm und Drang literary movement
towards Weimar Classicism. Verdi introduced new dramatic and
musical elements to bring opera closer to the realism of dramatic
theatre. Within each of these treatments, pivotal points of
narrative, semantic, dramatic, and musical transformation shaped
not only the story of Don Carlos, but the expressive forms
themselves. In support of the investigation, selected scenes from
the three works are explored and framed by an engagement with
studies in the fields of French literature, German theatre, French
and Italian opera, and Spanish history. The enigma of the Spanish
prince may never be solved, but Saint-Real, Schiller, and Verdi
have offered alternatives that, in a sense, unburden history of
truth that it could never bear alone. In the case of Don Carlos,
history is in itself an encyclopedia of variations.
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