In 2020, as Latin American countries shuttered their economies, it
became clear that effective lockdowns would require states to
provide income support. In a region that has historically struggled
to build systems of social protection, the effort to expand
benefits was notable. Policies varied in scope and generosity, but
in what seemed to signify a new era of state-building, Latin
American democracies demonstrated a nearly uniform commitment to
providing assistance to the poor. Why did some countries implement
broader and more adequate programs than others and why did
countries vary in their ability to sustain support over time? This
Element argues that three factors explain cross-national and
cross-temporal differences in policy effort: policy legacies,
unified/divided government, and fiscal space. The study shows that
in settings of crisis, the democratic politics of social policy
expansion shift, with traditional factors like ideology and
electoral competition playing a less central role.
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