The Summa Contra Gentiles is not merely the only complete summary
of Christian doctrine that St. Thomas has written, but also a
creative and even revolutionary work of Christian apologetics
composed at the precise moment when Christian thought needed to be
intellectually creative in order to master and assimilate the
intelligence and wisdom of the Greeks and the Arabs. In the Summa,
Aquinas works to save and purify the thought of the Greeks and the
Arabs in the higher light of Christian Revelation, confident than
all that had been rational in the ancient philosophers and their
followers would become more rational within Christianity.
This exposition and defense of divine truth has two main parts:
the consideration of that truth which faith professes and reason
investigates, and the consideration of the truth which faith
professes and reason is not competent to investigate. The
exposition of truths accessible to natural reason occupies Aquinas
in the first three books of the Summa. His method is to bring
forward demonstrative and probable arguments, some of which are
drawn from the philosophers to convince skeptics. In the fourth
book Aquinas appeals to the authority of Sacred Scripture for those
divine truths which surpass the capacity of reason.
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