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CHAPTER IV. Geological Chemistry?Elements of the Globe, and their
Combinations?Classification of Minerals. We learn from the science
of chemistry that there are about sixty-four elements entering into
the compositon of our globe; and that sixteen of the sixty-four, by
a great variety of combinations, enter largely into the structure
of our planet. We will enumerate these sixteen, and then say
something of their combining properties, and the laws which
regulate them. They are Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Fluorine,
Chlorine, Carbon, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Silicon, Aluminum,
Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, and Manganese. 1.
Oxygen, from its great abundance and wide diffusion, is entitled to
the name of Autocrat of the Elements. It constitutes from 30 to 50
per cent. of the crust of the earth, and forms one-fifth of the
atmosphere and eight-ninths of water. It is without color, taste,
or odor. Except when influenced by chemical action, it remains
unmoved in the mineral kingdom; but by vital action, it is freely
eliminated by the vegetable, and gives support to the animal
kingdom. 2. Hydrogen, a favorite companion of oxygen, is a light,
volatile gas, having little weight, but a mighty influence. Without
it we should have no water to gladden the earth and give
nourishment to man and beast, no water for arts and manufactures,
no water to move the wheels of commerce, and bring the ends of the
earth in close communion. 3. Nitrogen forms 80 per cent. of the
atmosphere, Wid is also found in combination with various animal
and vegetable substances. When set free by chemical decomposition,
it is a life-killing thing; but combined with oxygen, it is the
vehicle of life, and health, and beauty. 4. Fluorine occurs in
fluor-spar and other minerals. 5. Chlorine ...
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