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This extraordinary wartime diary provides a rare glimpse into the
daily life of French and foreign-born Jewish refugees under the
Vichy regime during World War II. Long hidden, the diary was
written by Lucien Dreyfus, a native of Alsacewho was a teacher at
the most prestigious high school in Strasbourg, an editor of the
leading Jewish newspaper of Alsace and Lorraine, the devoted father
of an only daughter, and the doting grandfather of an only
granddaughter. In 1939, after the French declaration of war on
Hitler's Germany, Lucien and his wife, Marthe, were forced by the
French state to leave Strasbourg along with thousands of other
Jewish and non-Jewish residents of the city. The couple found
refuge in Nice, on the Mediterranean coast in the south of France.
Anti-Jewish laws prevented Lucien from resuming his teaching career
and his work as a newspaper editor. But he continued to write,
recording his trenchant reflections on the situation of France and
French Jews under the Vichy regime. American visas allowed his
daughter, son-in-law, and granddaughter to escape France in the
spring of 1942 and establish new lives in the United States, but
Lucien and Marthe were not so lucky. Rounded up during an SS raid
in September 1943, they were deported and murdered in
Auschwitz-Birkenau two months later. As the only diary by an
observant Jew raised bi-culturally in French and German, Dreyfus's
writing offers a unique philosophical and moral reflection on the
Holocaust as it was unfolding in France.
Jewish Responses to Persecution: Volume II, 1938-1940 is the second
volume of the five-volume set within the series "Documenting Life
and Destruction: Holocaust Sources in Context." This volume brings
together in an accessible historical narrative a broad range of
documents-including diaries, letters, speeches, newspaper articles,
reports, Jewish identity cards, and personal photographs-from Jews
in Nazi-dominated Europe and beyond Europe's borders. The volume
skillfully illuminates the daily lives of a diverse range of Jews
who suffered under Nazism, their coping strategies, and their
efforts to assess the implications for the present and future of
the persecution they faced during this period. Volume II begins
with Kristallnacht in 1938 and continues through the Jewish flight
out of Germany, the onset of World War II, the forced relocation of
the Jews of Europe to the East, and the formation of Jewish
ghettos, particularly in Poland. The twelve chapters, divided into
four parts, track the trajectory of German expansion and
anti-Jewish policies chronologically, attesting to a clear
progression of persecution over time and space. At the same time,
they reflect the vast differences in the responses of Jewish
communities, groups, and individuals within and beyond the Germans'
grasp, differences that resulted both from the unevenness of the
Reich's policy toward Jews as well as the varied backgrounds,
traditions, expectations, and life histories of Jews affected by
German policy. This volume raises essential questions, such as:
What was the spectrum of Jewish perceptions and actions under Nazi
domination? How did Jews affected directly, or others standing on
the outside, view the situation? In what ways were Jews able to
influence their own fate under persecution? What role did Jewish
tradition play in how the present and future were interpreted? The
answers inherent in the documents are often varied or inconclusive;
nonetheless these sources add considerably to our understanding of
the Holocaust.
As the Nazis swept across Europe during World War II, Jewish
victims wrote diaries in which they grappled with the terror
unfolding around them. Some wrote simply to process the
contradictory bits of news they received; some wrote so that their
children, already safe in another country, might one day understand
what had happened to their parents; and some wrote to furnish
unknown readers in the outside world with evidence against the Nazi
regime.
Were these diarists resisters, or did the process of writing make
the ravages of the Holocaust even more difficult to bear? Drawing
on an astonishing array of unpublished and published diaries from
all over German-occupied Europe, historian Alexandra Garbarini
explores the multiple roles that diary writing played in the lives
of these ordinary women and men. A story of hope and hopelessness,
"Numbered Days" offers a powerful examination of the complex
interplay of writing and mourning. And in these heartbreaking
diaries, we see the first glimpses of a question that would haunt
the twentieth century: Can such unimaginable horror be represented
at all?
The social history of the genocide, its representation in postwar
culture, and new theoretical approaches stand at the forefront of
current research in a range of disciplines. Ā Analyses at the
most intimate scaleāof the individual or of a particular
localeā are juxtaposed with those that turn to broader studies of
the war or postwar order. Complementing these different scales are
theoretical investigations that address individual agency, moral
judgment, and the construction of meaning and memory in the study
of the victims of the Holocaust and in our understanding of society
as a whole. Together they mark the contemporary scholarly landscape
of Holocaust studies, which includes history as well as film and
literary studies, philosophy, and religious studies (among other
disciplines). Each of the volume's three sections contributes to
understanding the Holocaust and postwar ramifications of the
genocide by focusing on: 1) the history of specific communities of
both victims and perpetrators; 2) postwar cultural representations;
and 3) new theoretical understandings of each. The essays in this
volume thus represent new interests in the field that contribute to
building integrated histories of the Holocaust.
The social history of the genocide, its representation in postwar
culture, and new theoretical approaches stand at the forefront of
current research in a range of disciplines. Analyses at the most
intimate scale-of the individual or of a particular locale- are
juxtaposed with those that turn to broader studies of the war or
postwar order. Complementing these different scales are theoretical
investigations that address individual agency, moral judgment, and
the construction of meaning and memory in the study of the victims
of the Holocaust and in our understanding of society as a whole.
Together they mark the contemporary scholarly landscape of
Holocaust studies, which includes history as well as film and
literary studies, philosophy, and religious studies (among other
disciplines). Each of the volume's three sections contributes to
understanding the Holocaust and postwar ramifications of the
genocide by focusing on: 1) the history of specific communities of
both victims and perpetrators; 2) postwar cultural representations;
and 3) new theoretical understandings of each. The essays in this
volume thus represent new interests in the field that contribute to
building integrated histories of the Holocaust.
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