This text is the first published survey of recent research in signal processing for music transcription, edited and authored by authorities in the field. It covers a range of topics, from the structure and decomposition of signals, pitch and multipitch estimation, coding methods for sound separation, automatic sound source identification and sequence transcription, to using computational modeling and neural networks for music transcription. The book targets a growing audience interested in MPEG-7 standardization. It is a reference for researchers and students in signal processing, computer science, acoustics and music.