This text aims to provide a survey of the state of knowledge in the broad area that includes the theories and facts of economic growth and economic fluctuations, as well as the consquences of monetary and fiscal policies for general economic conditions.

This text aims to provide a survey of the state of knowledge in the broad area that includes the theories and facts of economic growth and economic fluctuations, as well as the consequences of of monetary and fiscal policies for general economic conditions.

For close to a century, the field of community criminology has examined the causes and consequences of community crime and delinquency rates. Nevertheless, there is still a lot we do not know about the dynamics behind these connections. In this book, Ralph Taylor argues that obstacles to deepening our understanding of community/crime links arise in part because most scholars have overlooked four fundamental concerns: how conceptual frames depend on the geographic units and/or temporal units used; how to establish the meaning of theoretically central ecological empirical indicators; and how to think about the causes and consequences of non-random selection dynamics. The volume organizes these four conceptual challenges using a common meta-analytic framework. The framework pinpoints critical features of and gaps in current theories about communities and crime, connects these concerns to current debates in both criminology and the philosophy of social science, and sketches the types of theory testing needed in the future if we are to grow our understanding of the causes and consequences of community crime rates. Taylor explains that a common meta-theoretical frame provides a grammar for thinking critically about current theories and simultaneously allows presenting these four topics and their connections in a unified manner. The volume provides an orientation to current and past scholarship in this area by describing three distinct but related community crime sequences involving delinquents, adult offenders, and victims. These sequences highlight community justice dynamics thereby raising questions about frequently used crime indicators in this area of research. A groundbreaking work melding past scholarly practices in criminology with the field's current needs, Community Criminology is an essential work for criminologists.

White working class areas are often seen as entrenched and immobile, threatened by the arrival of 'outsiders'. This major new study of class and place since 1930 challenges accepted wisdom, demonstrating how emigration as well as shorter distance moves out of such areas can be as suffused with emotion as moving into them. Both influence people's sense of belonging to the place they live in. Using oral histories from residents of three social housing estates in Norwich, England, the book also tells stories of the appropriation of and resistance to state discourses of community; and of ambivalent, complex and shifting class relations and identities. Material poverty has been a constant in the area, but not for all residents, and being defined as 'poor' is an identity that some actively resist.

This handbook aims to provide a survey of the stet of knowledge in the broad area that includes the theories and facts of economic growth and economic fluctuations, as well as the consequences of monetary conditions. Macroeconomics underwent a evolution in the 70s and 80s due to the introduction of the methods of rational expectations, dynamic optimization, and general equilibrium analysis into macroeconomic models, to the development of new theories of economic fluctuations, and to the introduction of sophisticated methods for the analysis of economic time series. These developments were both important and exciting. However, the rapid change in methods and theories led to considerable-disagreement, especially in the 80s, as to whether there was any core of common beliefs, even about the defining problems of the subject, that united macroeconomists any longer. The 90s have also been exciting, but for a different reason. Modern methods of analysis have progressed to the point where they are now much better able to address practical or substantive macroeconomic questions - whether traditional, new, empirical, or policy related. Indeed, it is no longer necessary to choose between more powerful methods and practical policy concerns. The editors believe that both the progress and the focus on substantive problems has led to a situation in macroeconomics where the area of common ground is considerable, though they cannot yet announce a "new synthesis" that could be endorsed by most scholars working in the field. For this reason this handbook is organized around substantive macroeconomic problems, and not around alternative methodological approaches or schools of thought. The extent to which the field has changed over the past decade is considerable. This work is a response to the need for the survey of the current state of macroeconomics.

Salvelinus species are one of the most thoroughly studied groups of fishes. Many reasons explain this intense interest in charr biology. Charrs have a Holarctic distribution encompassing many Asian, North American, and European countries and occupy diverse marine and freshwater environments. Furthermore, the current distribution of charr includes areas that were directly influenced by climate and topographic change associated with the many Pleistocene glaciations. Undoubtedly, these conditions have promoted much of the tremendous morphological, ecological, and genetic variability and plasticity within Salvelinus species and they make charr very good models to study evolutionary processes 'in action'. Many charr species also exhibit demographic characteristics such as slow growth, late maturity, and life in extreme environments, that may increase their susceptibility to extinction from habitat changes and overexploitation, especially in depauperate aquatic habitats. This vulnerability makes understanding their biology of great relevance to biodiversity and conservation. Finally, charr are of great cultural, commercial, and recreational significance to many communities, and their intimate linkage with human societies has stimulated much interest in this enigmatic genus. This volume comprises a selection of papers presented at the fourth International Charr Symposium held in Trois-RiviA]res (QuA(c)bec, Canada), from 26 June to 1 July 2000. It includes 31 papers on ecological interactions and behaviour, trophic polymorphism, movement and migration, ecophysiology and evolutionary genetics, ecological parasitology, environmental stress and conservation. These studies cannot cover all recentdevelopments in the ecology, behaviour and conservation of Salvelinus species, but collecting them into a special volume should bring attention to current research on this important genus and stimulate further work on Salvelinus species.

The relationship between psychoanalysis and history is long-standing, productive and controversial. From Freud onward, psychoanalytic thinkers have looked to history for insights into the operations of the human mind. Historians have been more equivocal about the value of psychoanalysis for their discipline. But recent decades have seen a growing interest in psychoanalysis across the Humanities. History and Psyche brings together some of the best work in this area, in essays by sixteen leading scholars. Topics explored include Luther and psychobiography, empathy and historical subjectivity, the political history of the Oedipus complex, and childhood in early modernity.

The competition landscape of finance is changing fast and it has never been so important for the finance industry to truly understand their customers. Customer-Centric Innovation in Finance helps finance and fintech innovators understand customers' behavioural motivations to drive effective product development. Relying on quantitative data is not enough: numbers can be great at telling us what people are doing but they often fail to explain why people do what they do. And if a service doesn't exist yet, there is no data to tell us how people use it. Human insights, behavioural science and qualitative data add immense value to product development. Readers will learn to innovate smarter by getting a firm understanding of why customers like their solutions and how they adapt them to suit their needs. The book presents real-life examples throughout of how customers are changing their behaviour in response to a fast-evolving financial landscape and provides practical advice on how to transform such insights into innovation. It explores how to produce customer insights for services that don't exist yet, for instance Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). It also provides descriptions of hands-on tools to build new insights and apply them to innovation and of methodologies such as portable kits, personas, digital ethnography, observations and interviews.

"Those involved in urban neighborhood and community research with an applied focus will find in this volume a number of useful and practical examples of how to do it. . . . The modesty with which some of the results is presented is refreshing, and the candor with which the authors treat their shortcomings is commendable. Several authors make it quite clear that good research does not necessarily produce the best information for those working to improve the social fabric of urban communities. On the other hand, there is a certain amount of optimism in these essays for those who want to see their research produce positive results in the communities they study. . . . [The] essays are clear and the points are well made and carefully documented. An excellent source of information, research findings, and policy recommendations." Choice

This book introduces the foundations of multilevel models, using Monopoly® rent data from the classic board game, and the statistical program Stata®. Widespread experience with the game means many readers have a head start on understanding these models. The small data set, 132 rent values for 22 properties clustered by the four sides of the playing board, combines with extensive graphical displays of data and results so all readers can see core multilevel ideas in action at a granular level. Two chapters on standard statistical models, oneway analysis of variance and multiple regression, help readers see how multilevel models rely on but also extend these monolevel ideas. Chapters present three basic multilevel models for cross-sectional analyses – analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and random coefficients regression – and one basic developmental model for longitudinal analyses. Troubleshooting guidance, combined with close examination of data patterns, and careful inspection of model parameters, all help readers better grasp what model results mean, when model results should or should not be trusted, and how model results link back to core theoretical questions. Consequently, readers will develop a sense of best practices for building and diagnosing their own multilevel models. Those who complete the volume can readily apply what they have learned to more complex datasets and models, and adapt available online Stata do files to those projects. Any social scientist working with data clustered in time, in space, or in both, and seeking to learn more about how to use, interpret, or teach these models, will find the book useful.

This book explores the topic of peace and the long-term survival of the human species. Drawing on Existential Risk Studies (ERS), the book lays out a theoretical framework for drawing new perspectives and approaches for looking toward the future and addressing existential risks related to the complexity and dynamics of conflict. Looking at five research lines in Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS); (1) Great Powers Conflict, (2) Peace, Pandemic, and Conflict, (3) Climate, Peace, and Conflict, (4) Emerging Technologies, Peace, and Conflict and (5) Totalitarianism, the chapters discuss how these lines are defined and discussed, how they are understood in ERS, and what approaches would be beneficial to adapt and integrate into PCS. By drawing on ERS and grounding the discussion in lines of research that will be important to the field of PCS, this book suggests that long-term perspectives are needed in the field, especially in regard to existential risk and their implications of conflict. 

Did women have an Enlightenment? Historians have long excluded women from the Enlightenment orbit. But competing images of 'Woman' loomed large in Enlightenment thought, and women themselves - as scientists and salonnieres, bluestockings and governesses, political polemicists and novelists - contributed much to enlightened intellectual culture. This path-breaking volume of interdisciplinary essays by forty leading scholars provides a detailed picture of the controversial, innovative role played by women and gender issues in the age of light.

Colonial Latin America: A Documentary History is a sourcebook of primary texts and images intended for students and teachers as well as for scholars and general readers. The book centers upon people-people from different parts of the world who came together to form societies by chance and by design in the years after 1492.

This text is designed to encourage a detailed exploration of the cultural development of colonial Latin America through a wide variety of documents and visual materials, most of which have been translated and presented originally for this collection.

Colonial Latin America: A Documentary History is a revision of SR Books' popular Colonial Spanish America. The new edition welcomes a third co-editor and, most significantly, embraces Portuguese and Brazilian materials. Other fundamental changes include new documents from Spanish South America, the addition of some key color images, plus six reference maps, and a decision to concentrate entirely upon primary sources.

The book is meant to enrich, not repeat, the work of existing texts on this period, and its use of primary sources to focus upon people makes it stand out from other books that have concentrated on the political and economic aspects. The book's illustrations and documents are accompanied by introductions which provide context and invite discussion. These sources feature social changes, puzzling developments, and the experience of living in Spanish and Portuguese American colonial societies.

Religion and society are the integral themes of Colonial Latin America. Religion becomes the nexus for much of what has been treated as political, social, economic, and cultural history during this period. Society is just as inclusive, allowing students to meet a variety of individuals-not faceless social groups.

While some familiar names and voices are included-conquerors, chroniclers, sculptors, and preachers-other, far less familiar points of view complement and complicate the better-known narratives of this history. In treating Iberia and America, before as well as after their meeting, apparent contradictions emerge as opportunities for understanding; different perspectives become prompts for wider discussion. Other themes include exploration and contact; religious and cultural change; slavery and society, miscegenation, and the formation, consolidation, reform, and collapse of colonial institutions of government and the Church, as well as accompanying changes in economies and labor.

This sourcebook allows students and teachers to consider the thoughts and actions of a wide range of people who were making choices and decisions, pursuing ideals, misperceiving each other, experiencing disenchantment, absorbing new pressures, breaking rules as well as following them, and employing strategies of survival which might involve both reconciliation and opposition. Colonial Latin America: A Documentary History has been assembled with teaching and class discussion in mind. The book will be an excellent tool for Latin American history survey courses and for seminars on the colonial period.

The competition landscape of finance is changing fast and it has never been so important for the finance industry to truly understand their customers. Customer-Centric Innovation in Finance helps finance and fintech innovators understand customers' behavioural motivations to drive effective product development. Relying on quantitative data is not enough: numbers can be great at telling us what people are doing but they often fail to explain why people do what they do. And if a service doesn't exist yet, there is no data to tell us how people use it. Human insights, behavioural science and qualitative data add immense value to product development. Readers will learn to innovate smarter by getting a firm understanding of why customers like their solutions and how they adapt them to suit their needs. The book presents real-life examples throughout of how customers are changing their behaviour in response to a fast-evolving financial landscape and provides practical advice on how to transform such insights into innovation. It explores how to produce customer insights for services that don't exist yet, for instance Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). It also provides descriptions of hands-on tools to build new insights and apply them to innovation and of methodologies such as portable kits, personas, digital ethnography, observations and interviews.

For early childhood classrooms - where curriculum is increasingly shaped by standards and teachers are pressed for time - Beyond Early Literacy offers a literacy method that goes beyond simply developing language arts skills. Known as Shared Journal, this process promotes young children's learning across content areas - including their communication and language abilities, writing skills, sense of community, grasp of diverse social and cultural worlds, and understanding of history, counting, numeracy, and time. Pairing interactive talk with individual writing in the classroom community, this rich method develops the whole child. Special features include: sample lesson plans, rubrics, and templates throughout the book children's artifacts, including examples of oral and written work teacher accounts examining the use of Shared Journal in the classroom, including strategies and suggestions a Companion Website with templates, additional resources, and video clips of in-classroom teaching and examples of exciting ways to use new technologies. This two-part book is first framed by current theory and research about children's cognitive, language, and literacy development, and an extensive body of research and case studies on the efficacy of the method. The second part features strategies from on-the-ground teachers who have used the process with their students and explores how Shared Journal can be used with new technologies, can meet standards, and can be appropriate for diverse populations of children. This is a fantastic resource for use in early childhood education courses in emergent literacy, language arts, and curriculum.

Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms takes the reader through the experimental techniques and the logic by which the mechanisms of enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be elucidated by the results of steady-state kinetics and related experiments. It is meant to make these investigations both satisfying and effective. In distinction to other available descriptions, the descriptions in enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms are limited to more commonly utilized and useful models and techniques. The logic relating the chemical models to the mathematical models and the logic of relating the mathematical models to data is presented in rather concise text, figures and equations. The development of mathematical models from chemical models is done by a unique algorithm that is both simple and quick, and the same concept are utilized to develop models for the effects of a variety of reaction conditions on the initial velocity. In addition, the various relationships of data, mathematical models and the chemical models is illustrated with examples from the scientific literature.

Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms is intended for research workers, graduate students, post doctoral associates, and faculty in biochemistry and molecular biology who are interested in the techniques and logic by which mechanisms of enzymes-catalyzed reactions can be elucidated by investigation of steady-state kinetic experiments.

Poverty is generally defined as a lack of material resources. However, the relationships that poor people have with their possessions are not just about deprivation. Material things play a positive role in the lives of poor people: they help people to build social relationships, address inequalities, and fulfill emotional needs. In Materializing Poverty, anthropologist Erin Taylor explores how residents of a squatter settlement in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, use their material resources creatively to solve everyday problems and, over a few decades, radically transform the community. Their struggles show how these everyday engagements with materiality, rather than more dramatic efforts, generate social change and build futures.

Medical history offers us many wise thoughts, a few misguided notions, and a host of intriguing back-stories. On the Shoulders of Medicine's Giants presents a selection of these, and tells how the words of medicine's "giants"-such as Hippocrates, Sir William Osler, Francis Weld Peabody, and Elizabeth Kubler-Ross-are relevant to medical science and practice in the 21st century. Which physician was the inspiration for the fictional character Sherlock Holmes, and what did he identify as "the real essential factor in all successful medical diagnosis"? What did Sigmund Freud describe as his "tyrant," and what might this mean for doctors today? Do you know the attributed source of the well-known aphorism about horses and zebras, and what we believe this physician actually said? This book answers these questions and more, while also providing fascinating tales about each individual quoted. On the Shoulders of Medicine's Giants is recommended for practicing physicians, students, and residents, as well as nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and anyone involved in patient care who wants to understand the historical and epistemological foundations of what we do each day in practice. To see Dr. Taylor lecture on the history of medicine, go here: https://youtu.be/Zx4yaUyaPRA

This book tells the intriguing and often colorful stories of the medical words we use. The origins of clinical and scientific terms can be found in Greek and Latin myths, in places such as jungles of Uganda and the islands of the Aegean Sea, in the names of medicine's giants such as Hippocrates and Osler, and in some truly unlikely sources. In this book you will learn the answers to questions such as: * What disease was named for an American space flight? * Do you know the echoic word for elephantine rumbling of the bowels? * What drug name was determined by drawing chemists' notes out of a hat? * What are surfer's eye, clam digger's itch, and hide porter's disease? This book can give you new insights into the terms we use every day in the clinic, hospital, and laboratory. Knowing a word's history assists in understanding not only what it means, but also some of the connotative subtleties of terms used in diagnosis and treatment. The Amazing Language of Medicine is intended for the enrichment of physicians, other health professionals, students, and anyone involved in clinical care and medical science.