For three decades, Nigeria missed its opportunities to use oil wealth for economic transformation. Since 2003, there have been remarkable efforts to reform economic policies across a wide range. The challenge is enormous and the process of reform will need to continue for many years. The design of policy reform must rest on a firm basis of evidence and analysis. This book demonstrates that there is already sufficient evidence on the Nigerian economy and society to inform many policy issues. Under the auspices of the Central Bank of Nigeria and the Centre for the Study of African Economies, Oxford University, Nigerian and international scholars have convened to deploy this evidence to reveal the current problems and policy options that a democratic Nigeria will need to debate and resolve. It presents an agenda of reform as unfinished business.