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The twentieth century was the era of "big science." Driven by
strategic rivalries and fierce economic competition, wealthy
governments invested heavily in national science establishments.
Direct funding for institutions like the National Science
Foundation and high-visibility projects, such as the race to the
moon, fueled innovation, growth, and national prestige. But the big
science model left poorer countries out in the cold. Today the
organization of science is undergoing a fundamental transformation.
In T "he New Invisible College, "Caroline Wagner combines
quantitative data and extensive interviews to map the emergence of
global science networks and trace the dynamics driving their
growth. She argues that the shift from big science to global
networks creates unprecedented opportunities for developing
countries to tap science's potential. Rather than squander
resources in vain efforts to mimic the scientific establishments of
the twentieth century, developing country governments can leverage
networks by creating incentives for top-notch scientists to focus
on research that addresses their concerns and by finding ways to
tie knowledge to local problem solving. T "he New Invisible College
"offers both a guidebook and a playbook for policymakers
confronting these tasks.
In recent years a global network of science has emerged as a result
of thousands of individual scientists seeking to collaborate with
colleagues around the world, creating a network which rises above
national systems. The globalization of science is part of the
underlying shift in knowledge creation generally: the collaborative
era in science. Over the past decade, the growth in the amount of
knowledge and the speed at which it is available has created a
fundamental shift-where data, information, and knowledge were once
scarce resources, they are now abundantly available. Collaboration,
openness, customer- or problem-focused research and development,
altruism, and reciprocity are notable features of abundance, and
they create challenges that economists have not yet studied. This
book defines the collaborative era, describes how it came to be,
reveals its internal dynamics, and demonstrates how real-world
practitioners are changing to take advantage of it. Most
importantly, the book lays out a guide for policymakers and
entrepreneurs as they shift perspectives to take advantage of the
collaborative era in order to create social and economic welfare.
In recent years a global network of science has emerged as a result
of thousands of individual scientists seeking to collaborate with
colleagues around the world, creating a network which rises above
national systems. The globalization of science is part of the
underlying shift in knowledge creation generally: the collaborative
era in science. Over the past decade, the growth in the amount of
knowledge and the speed at which it is available has created a
fundamental shift-where data, information, and knowledge were once
scarce resources, they are now abundantly available. Collaboration,
openness, customer- or problem-focused research and development,
altruism, and reciprocity are notable features of abundance, and
they create challenges that economists have not yet studied. This
book defines the collaborative era, describes how it came to be,
reveals its internal dynamics, and demonstrates how real-world
practitioners are changing to take advantage of it. Most
importantly, the book lays out a guide for policymakers and
entrepreneurs as they shift perspectives to take advantage of the
collaborative era in order to create social and economic welfare.
Science, Technology and Innovation in Uganda is part of the World
Bank Studies series. These papers are published to communicate the
results of the Bank 's ongoing research and to stimulate public
discussion.This study presents a unique methodology to view
science, technology and innovation (STI) in developing countries.
The study provides a set of cases studies drawn from a diverse
range of experiences across the Ugandan private sector and offers
concrete policy recommendations on how to support broader
development of STI in Uganda. The study finds that of all the STI
challenges facing firms, universities, and public research
organizations in Uganda, the barriers to collaboration and
communication are the most urgent in terms of STI priorities to
address in the coming years.
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