This summary of recent research in neuroeconomics aims to explain how and why a person can sometimes be generous, helpful, and cooperative, yet other times behave in a self-interested and/or exploitative manner. The book explains a dual process of analysis measuring immediate needs of the individual, relative to long term gains possible through prosocial behavior (e.g. synergy, accumulating profits, (in)direct reciprocity) with the output further mitigated by the motivation of the individual at that moment and any special circumstances of the environment. Ultimately it can be shown that prosocial behavior can be economically rational. Yet even when individuals are intrinsically motivated to act prosocially, they are also able to reverse this behavior when they sense it is no longer adaptive. The book will further explore individual differences in prosocial behavior, the development of prosocial behavior, and how a personal neural signature forms that facilitates or hampers cooperation. The book includes game theory research, neuroimaging studies, and research in traditional cognitive psychology to better understand human decision-making re prosocial behavior. This will be of interest to cognitive, developmental, and social psychologists, as well as neuroscientists, and behavioral economists.

A young man, dealing with his father's terminal cancer, retreats into introspection on relationships both old and new as a past mired with failure comes back to haunt him, consuming his present and threatening to derail his future. Exploring themes of loss and repentance, The Passing Of The Forms That We Have Loved questions whether formative acts of indecisiveness can have far reaching repercussions in later years.

For the first time in history, more than half the people of the world live in cities. Comprehending the impact of this widespread urbanization requires an awareness of the complex relationships between cities and natural ecosystems. This innovative book moves beyond the anti-urban lamentations that often dominate today's academic discourse to examine the evolution of cities and to illuminate the roles that humans play in shaping their environments, both natural and constructed. Christopher G. Boone and Ali Modarres argue that understanding the multiple forces of urbanization requires a holistic approach to the interactions of social, cultural, economic, political, and environmental factors. Without casting judgments, "City and Environment" seeks to engage readers in an exploration of cities from a truly global perspective. Throughout, it illuminates the social-ecological systems of cities not as an academic exerciseOCoalthough informing academic audiences is one of its goalsOCobut ultimately to help transform cities into livable and ecologically sustainable environments."

The opening chapter of Bullying in Schools: Prevention, Gender Differences and Perspectives presents an investigation which may help to further cross-national bullying studies by providing clear recommendations that will help researchers to take account of culturally appropriate comparisons. Chapter two explores literature on contexts within which bullying has been documented, interrogates whether bullying is influenced by any gender dynamics, and crucially reflects on the reaction of key stakeholders within the education system, towards eliminating it. Following this, a study is presented with the objectives to identify and analyse the prevalence of poly-victims, as well as determine how the levels of moral disengagement and the various defence mechanisms that victims use to explain abusive behaviour might function as predictors of poly-bullying. Theory and evidence of how parenting influences children's involvement in bullying at school, and considers whether child gender influences this relationship are reviewed. Additionally, the relationship between bullying and suicide with special attention to specific types of bullying and gender differences are examined. The study presented in the penultimate chapter examines the theoretical justification and experimental verification various methods to ensure effective prevention and psycho-pedagogical correction of bullying in school. The final chapter outlines an exploratory study of the extent of gender based bullying occurring in an inclusive elementary school, Sekolahku-MySchool, in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In this qualitative study, two major issues facing education in Indonesia today, discrimination and bullying towards women, are addressed.

For the first time in history, more than half the world's people live in cities, an extraordinary change in circumstances for human beings and the natural environment. Coming to terms with an urban world requires an understanding of the complex relationships between cities and natural ecosystems. City and the Environment are not mutually exclusive terms. Facing urban conditions in the 21st century requires an understanding of the interaction between social, cultural, economic, political, and environmental factors. Christopher Boone and Ali Modarres explore the city, its environment, and the role humans play in shaping the meaning and condition of both. In doing so, they engage the reader in an exploratory discourse on the urban environment.