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How can African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans from the former
British colonies be so different in their approaches toward social
mobility? Chrystal Y. Grey and Thomas Janoski state that this is
because native blacks grow up as "strangers" in their own country
and immigrants from the English-speaking Caribbean are conversely
part of "the dominant group." Unlike previous research that
compares highly educated Afro-Caribbeans to the broad range of
African-Americans, this study holds social-class constant by
looking only at successful blacks in the upper-middle-class from
both groups. This book finds that African-Americans pursue
overachievement strategies of working much harder than others do,
while Afro-Caribbeans follow an optimistic job strategy expecting
promotions and success. However, African-Americans are more likely
to use confrontational strategies if their mobility is blocked. The
main cause of these differences is that Afro-Caribbeans grow up in
a system where they have many examples of black politicians and
business leaders (35-90% of their countries are black) and
African-Americans have fewer role models (12-14% of the United
States are black). Further, the schooling system in Afro-Caribbean
countries does not label blacks as underachievers because the
schools are almost entirely black. A further problem that
African-Americans face is the resentment of a small but significant
number of blacks who have little social mobility. They accuse
socially mobile African Americans of "acting white," which is a
phenomenon that Afro-Caribbeans almost never face and they call it
"an African-American thing." To demonstrate this difference,
Strategies for Success among African-Americans and Afro-Caribbeans
does a historical-comparative analysis of the differences between
the black experience after slavery in the United States and
Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and St. Kitts-Nevis. The
authors interview fifty-seven black people and find consistent
differences between the US and Caribbean black citizens. Using
theories of symbolic interaction and ressentiment, this work
challenges previous studies that either claim that Afro-Caribbeans
are more motivated than African-Americans, or studies that show
that controlling for class, each group is more or less the same.
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