This volume examines intelligence services since 1945 in their role as knowledge producers. Intelligence agencies are producers and providers of arcane information. However, little is known about the social, cultural and material dimensions of their knowledge production, processing and distribution. This volume starts from the assumption that during the Cold War, these core activities of information services underwent decisive changes, of which scientization and computerisation are essential. With a focus on the emerging alliances between intelligence agencies, science and (computer) technology, the chapters empirically explore these transformations and are characterised by innovative combinations of intelligence history with theoretical considerations from the history of science and technology and the history of knowledge. At the same time, the book challenges the bipolarity of Cold War history in general and of intelligence history in particular in favour of comparative and transnational perspectives. The focus is not only the Soviet Union and the United States, but also Poland, Turkey, the two German states and Brazil. This approach reveals surprising commonalities across systems: time and again, the expansion and use of intelligence knowledge came up against the limits that resulted from intelligence culture itself. The book enriches our global understanding of knowledge of the state and contributes to a historical framework for the past decade of debates about the societal consequences of intelligence data processing. This book will be of much interest to students of intelligence studies, science and technology studies, security studies and International Relations.

This book brings together a diverse range of international voices from academia, policymaking and civil society to address the failure to connect historical dialogue with atrocity prevention discourse and provide insight into how conflict histories and historical memory act as dynamic forces, actively facilitating or deterring current and future conflict. Established on a variety of international case studies combining theoretical and practical points of view, the book envisions an integrated understanding of how historical dialogue can inform policy, education, and the practice of atrocity prevention. In doing so, it provides a vital basis for the development of preventive policies sensitive to the importance of conflict histories and for further academic study on the topic. It will be of interest to all scholars and students of history, psychology, peace studies, international relations and political science.

This volume examines intelligence services since 1945 in their role as knowledge producers. Intelligence agencies are producers and providers of arcane information. However, little is known about the social, cultural and material dimensions of their knowledge production, processing and distribution. This volume starts from the assumption that during the Cold War, these core activities of information services underwent decisive changes, of which scientization and computerisation are essential. With a focus on the emerging alliances between intelligence agencies, science and (computer) technology, the chapters empirically explore these transformations and are characterised by innovative combinations of intelligence history with theoretical considerations from the history of science and technology and the history of knowledge. At the same time, the book challenges the bipolarity of Cold War history in general and of intelligence history in particular in favour of comparative and transnational perspectives. The focus is not only the Soviet Union and the United States, but also Poland, Turkey, the two German states and Brazil. This approach reveals surprising commonalities across systems: time and again, the expansion and use of intelligence knowledge came up against the limits that resulted from intelligence culture itself. The book enriches our global understanding of knowledge of the state and contributes to a historical framework for the past decade of debates about the societal consequences of intelligence data processing. This book will be of much interest to students of intelligence studies, science and technology studies, security studies and International Relations.

This book brings together a diverse range of international voices from academia, policymaking and civil society to address the failure to connect historical dialogue with atrocity prevention discourse and provide insight into how conflict histories and historical memory act as dynamic forces, actively facilitating or deterring current and future conflict. Established on a variety of international case studies combining theoretical and practical points of view, the book envisions an integrated understanding of how historical dialogue can inform policy, education, and the practice of atrocity prevention. In doing so, it provides a vital basis for the development of preventive policies sensitive to the importance of conflict histories and for further academic study on the topic. It will be of interest to all scholars and students of history, psychology, peace studies, international relations and political science.

Founded in 2000, the German Foundation "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" is one of the largest transitional justice initiatives in history: in cooperation with its international partner organizations, it has to date paid over 4 billion euros to nearly 1.7 million survivors of forced labour during the Nazi Era. This volume provides an unparalleled look at the Foundation's creation, operations, and prospects after nearly two decades of existence, with valuable insights not just for historians but for a range of scholars, professionals, and others involved in human rights and reconciliation efforts.

"A well-structured, ambitious collection of essays, it will certainly be an essential read for anyone interested in the anti-Jewish policies of National Socialist Germany and their long-term consequences for postwar Europe." . H-German The robbery and restitution of Jewish property are two inextricably linked social processes. It is not possible to understand the lawsuits and international agreements on the restoration of Jewish property of the late 1990s without examining what was robbed and by whom. In this volume distinguished historians first outline the mechanisms and scope of the European-wide program of plunder, before assessing the effectiveness and historical implications of post-war restitution efforts. Integrating the abundance of new research on the material effects of the Holocaust and its aftermath, a comparative perspective is offered on both robbery and restitution, examining developments in countries such as Germany, Poland, Italy, France, Belgium, Hungary and the Czech Republic. The international and interrelated nature of property confiscation initiated by Nazi Germany and its satellite states offers new insights into the functions and beneficiaries of state sanctioned robbery. Although the extent of implementation varied, Jewish spoils were used to boost support for anti-Jewish policies and prop up ailing war finances throughout Europe. Thus the combination of personal enrichment and state plunder were two sides of the same coin. The prolonged struggles over restitution issues are confronted in the second section of the book on the basis of eight national studies. Everywhere the solution of legal and material problems was intertwined with changing national myths about the war and conflicting interpretations of justice. Even those countries that pursued extensive restitution programs using rigorous legal means were unable to compensate or comprehend fully the scale of Jewish loss. Especially in Eastern Europe, it was not until the collapse of communism that even the concept of restoring some Jewish property rights became a viable option. The legacy of robbery and restitution offers both a model for redefining the practice of human rights and keys to understanding the lingering ghosts of antisemitism in countries where few Jews remain. Martin Dean is a Research Scholar at the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). He is the author of Collaboration in the Holocaust, published in association with the USHMM in 2000, and of several articles on the confiscation of Jewish property. From 1992 to 1997 he worked as Senior Historian for the Metropolitan Police War Crimes Unit. Constantin Goschler teaches modern history at the Humboldt-University, Berlin. He also taught at the universities of Prague, Jena and Bochum. His main fields of interest are transitional justice in the 20th century, history of science and the history of political ideas in the 19th century. He published several articles and books on restitution and indemnification for Nazi victims. Philipp Ther teaches modern Central and Eastern European History at the European University Frankfurt/Oder, Germany. His fields of interest are comparative nationalism studies, migrations and "ethnic cleansing," postwar social history of Central Europe and most recently the history of opera theatres in the long 19th century."

The robbery and restitution of Jewish property are two inextricably linked social processes. It is not possible to understand the lawsuits and international agreements on the restoration of Jewish property of the late 1990s without examining what was robbed and by whom. In this volume distinguished historians first outline the mechanisms and scope of the European-wide program of plunder and then assess the effectiveness and historical implications of post-war restitution efforts. Everywhere the solution of legal and material problems was intertwined with changing national myths about the war and conflicting interpretations of justice. Even those countries that pursued extensive restitution programs using rigorous legal means were unable to compensate or fully comprehend the scale of Jewish loss. Especially in Eastern Europe, it was not until the collapse of communism that the concept of restoring some Jewish property rights even became a viable option. Integrating the abundance of new research on the material effects of the Holocaust and its aftermath, this comparative perspective examines the developments in Germany, Poland, Italy, France, Belgium, Hungary and the Czech Republic.

- Wo liegt Europa? Was ist Zeitgeschichte? Raume und Zeitrhythmen - Die Folgen des Zweiten Weltkriegs, Neuordnung und Kalter Krieg, politische und wirtschaftliche Integrationsprozesse - Die wirtschaftliche, gesellschaftliche und kulturelle Entwicklung Europas: Wirtschaftsboom, Migration und Bevolkerungsentwicklung, Konsum, "Wertewandel" und soziale Ordnungen - Die Vorgeschichte der Gegenwart: Zivilgesellschaft, Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Terrorismus, Energie und Umwelt, Technik und Kommunikation"

1. Kapitel: Fruhe Uberlegungen und Plane zur Entschadigung von Verfolgten des Nationalsozialismus (1936-1945) 2. Kapitel: Erste Schritte nach dem Ende der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft - Fursorge und Rehabilitierung (1945-1947) 3. Kapitel: Normierung der materiellen Wiedergutmachung in der US-Zone (1945-1949) 4. Kapitel: Die Praxis der Wiedergutmachung in der US-Zone (1949-1954) 5. Kapitel: Rahmenbedingungen der Wiedergutmachung in der Fruhzeit der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 6. Kapitel: Ausbau der Wiedergutmachung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis 1953"

Walter Schwarz, Die Wiedergutmachung nationalsozialistischen Unrechts durch die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Ein Uberblick Karl Hessdorfer, Die finanzielle Dimension Hans-Dieter Kreikamp, Zur Entstehung des Entschadigungsgesetzes der amerikanischen Besatzungszone Constantin Goschler, Der Fall Philipp Auerbach. Wiedergutmachung in Bayern Nana Sagi, Die Rolle der judischen Organisationen in den USA und die Claims Conference Yeshayahu A. Jelinek, Israel und die Anfange der Shilumim Rudolf Huhn, Die Wiedergutmachungsverhandlungen in Wassenaar Michael Wolffsohn, Globalentschadigung fur Israel und die Juden? Adenauer und die Opposition in der Bundesregierung Shlomo Sharif, Die SPD und die Wiedergutmachung gegenuber Israel Willy Albrecht, ein Wegbereiter Jakob Altmaier und das Luxemburger Abkommen Norbert Frei, Die deutsche Wiedergutmachungspolitik gegenuber Israel im Urteil der offentlichen Meinung der USA Karl Hessdorfer, Die Entschadigungspraxis im Spannungsfeld von Gesetz, Justiz und NS-Opfern Hans Gunter Hockerts, Anwalte der Verfolgten. Die United Restitution Organization Ulrich Herbert, Nicht entschadigungsfahig? Die Widergutmachungsanspruche der Auslander Wolfgang Benz, Der Wollheim-Prozess. Zwangsarbeit fur I.G. Farben in Auschwitz Hermann Langbein, Entschadigung der judischen Gemeindebediensteten William G. Niederland, Die verkannten Opfer. Spate Entschadigung fur seelische Schaden Gotthard Jasper, Die disqualifizierten Opfer. Der Kalte Krieg und die Entschadigung fur Kommunisten Arnold Spitta, Entschadigung fur Zigeuner? Geschichte eines Vorurteils"