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Life evolves in a cyclic environment, and to be successful,
organisms must adapt not only to their spatial habitat, but also to
their temporal habitat. How do plants and animals determine the
time of year so they can anticipate seasonal changes in their
habitats? In most cases, day length, or photoperiod, acts as the
principal external cue for determining seasonal activity. For
organisms not living at the bottom of the ocean or deep in a cave,
day follows night, and the length of the day changes predictably
throughout the year. These changes in photoperiod provide the most
accurate signal for predicting upcoming seasonal conditions.
Measuring day length allows plants and animals to anticipate and
adapt to seasonal changes in their environments in order to
optimally time key developmental events including seasonal growth
and flowering of plants, annual bouts of reproduction, dormancy and
migration in insects, and the collapse and regrowth of the
reproductive system that drives breeding seasons in mammals and
birds.
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