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The present book is the author's third on the subject of vertical
seismic profiling (VSP). Ten years have elapsed since the
pUblication of the fIrst book. During this period, VSP has become
the principal method of seismic observations in boreholes and the
chief method of experimental studies of seismic waves in the real
earth. VSP combines borehole studies in the seismic frequency band,
well velocity surveys, proximity or aplanatic surveys, all of which
previously existed as separate methods. The high effectiveness
ofVSP, its great practical value, the express nature and clarity of
the results obtained have all contributed towards a very rapid
acceptance of the method. In the USSR VSP has been used in an
overwhelming majority of areas and is being used increasingly in
many foreign countries as well. This has been greatly facilitated
by the translation into English and the publication in the U. S. A.
by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists of the book Vertical
Seismic Profiling (Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1974). As the method has become
more familiar, it has attracted growing interest outside the USSR
This has been substantiated by the special seminar on VSP
(Oklahoma, 1979) which was organized for 22 U. S. companies and
universities and presented by the author.
variegated seismological conditions has been accumulated. The
method has been developed further in two main directions: - the
perfection of the techniques and equipment of three-component field
studies incorporating a continuous control of the identity of
equipment both in deep boreholes and on the surface; - the creation
of efficient and straightforward software for the automatic
processing of PM data. Whereas the early stages of development of
the method have been conspicuous chiefly by the use of polarization
for the discrimination of the wave field, in recent years the
emphasis shifts to the use of polarization parameters to obtain
additional information about the Earth. This is especially
important, as the polarization parameters are very sensitive to
inhomogeneities in cross-section and enable those parameters of the
Earth to be studies which cannot be obtained from kinematics. Here
one should especially mention the polarization of transverse waves,
which can act as one of the most reliable parameters for
identifying and studying anisotropic properties of the Earth. At
present various modifications of PM are being developed applicable
both to uphole - (PM RW = reflected waves method, PM CDP =
common-depth-point method, PM refracted-wave method, PM of regional
studies utilizing earthquakes) and to downhole observations (PM VSP
= vertical seismic profiling). Not all the PM modifications are
developing at the same rate. The method which has up to now been
developed most extenSively is PM VSP.
Advances in seismology and extensions of its application have made
it increasingly necessary to perform high-sensitivity
observationsonartificial earth tremors (explosions) or on natural
ones. This implies in particular to investigating the seismic
conditions in large industrial centres. There are many major cities
with a million inhabitants or more in seismically-active regions.
In the USSR, this applies to the capitals of the Union Republics
such as Alma Ata, Frunze, Tashkent, Dushanbe, and Ashkhabad, as
well as to dozens of local entres and cities with extensive
industrial development. Seismic classification and earthquake
forecasting have to be considered in relation to the extension or
building of cities in such regions, and this would be impossible
without detailed investigation of the seismicity, which involves
upgrading the instru mental observation network. The demand for
detailed information on the seismicity increases with every
extension to the construction. A successful solution here can be
implemented only by taking account of some specific factors, the
main one being the high level of seismic noise due to the
activities in large centres, which restricts the sensitivity of the
apparatus and makes it impossible to record weak local earth
tremors, which are of particular interest in periods of relative
seismic calm. Stations at sufficiently great distances from the
city do not sense the city noise, but they also fail to record weak
local earth tremors. Also, the accuracy ofobservation falls for
those tremors that can be recorded because of the great distances
between stations."
Advances in seismology and extensions of its application have made
it increasingly necessary to perform high-sensitivity
observationsonartificial earth tremors (explosions) or on natural
ones. This implies in particular to investigating the seismic
conditions in large industrial centres. There are many major cities
with a million inhabitants or more in seismically-active regions.
In the USSR, this applies to the capitals of the Union Republics
such as Alma Ata, Frunze, Tashkent, Dushanbe, and Ashkhabad, as
well as to dozens of local entres and cities with extensive
industrial development. Seismic classification and earthquake
forecasting have to be considered in relation to the extension or
building of cities in such regions, and this would be impossible
without detailed investigation of the seismicity, which involves
upgrading the instru mental observation network. The demand for
detailed information on the seismicity increases with every
extension to the construction. A successful solution here can be
implemented only by taking account of some specific factors, the
main one being the high level of seismic noise due to the
activities in large centres, which restricts the sensitivity of the
apparatus and makes it impossible to record weak local earth
tremors, which are of particular interest in periods of relative
seismic calm. Stations at sufficiently great distances from the
city do not sense the city noise, but they also fail to record weak
local earth tremors. Also, the accuracy ofobservation falls for
those tremors that can be recorded because of the great distances
between stations."
The present book is the author's third on the subject of vertical
seismic profiling (VSP). Ten years have elapsed since the
pUblication of the fIrst book. During this period, VSP has become
the principal method of seismic observations in boreholes and the
chief method of experimental studies of seismic waves in the real
earth. VSP combines borehole studies in the seismic frequency band,
well velocity surveys, proximity or aplanatic surveys, all of which
previously existed as separate methods. The high effectiveness
ofVSP, its great practical value, the express nature and clarity of
the results obtained have all contributed towards a very rapid
acceptance of the method. In the USSR VSP has been used in an
overwhelming majority of areas and is being used increasingly in
many foreign countries as well. This has been greatly facilitated
by the translation into English and the publication in the U. S. A.
by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists of the book Vertical
Seismic Profiling (Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1974). As the method has become
more familiar, it has attracted growing interest outside the USSR
This has been substantiated by the special seminar on VSP
(Oklahoma, 1979) which was organized for 22 U. S. companies and
universities and presented by the author.
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