Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Radioactive iodines are produced during the operation of nuclear power plants and during the detonation of nuclear weapons. In the event of a radiation incident, radioiodine is one of the contaminants that could be released into the environment. Exposure to radioiodine can lead to radiation injury to the thyroid, including thyroid cancer. Radiation to the thyroid from radioiodine can be limited by taking a nonradioactive iodine (stable iodine) such as potassium iodide. This book assesses strategies for the distribution and administration of potassium iodide (KI) in the event of a nuclear incident. The report says that potassium iodide pills should be available to everyone age 40 or younger?especially children and pregnant and lactating women?living near a nuclear power plant. States and municipalities should decide how to stockpile, distribute, and administer potassium iodide tablets, and federal agencies should keep a backup supply of tablets and be prepared to distribute them to affected areas. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Thyroid Physiology 3 Potential Exposure to Radioactive Iodine 4 Health Consequences of Radiation Exposure 5 Protective Measures 6 Existing Distribution Plans for Potassium Iodide 7 Process for Evaluation of Options for Distribution of Potassium Iodide 8 Conclusions and Recommendations References Appendix A: Public Law 107-188, Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act of 2002 Appendix B: Fission Product Inventories Appendix C: Potassium Iodide Distribution in the States Appendix D: Illustration of Process for Evaluating KI Distribution Plans Appendix E: Information and Communication Messages Regarding Potassium Iodide or Radioactive Iodine Glossary Committee Biographies

Millions of Americans use e-cigarettes. Despite their popularity, little is known about their health effects. Some suggest that e-cigarettes likely confer lower risk compared to combustible tobacco cigarettes, because they do not expose users to toxicants produced through combustion. Proponents of e-cigarette use also tout the potential benefits of e-cigarettes as devices that could help combustible tobacco cigarette smokers to quit and thereby reduce tobacco-related health risks. Others are concerned about the exposure to potentially toxic substances contained in e-cigarette emissions, especially in individuals who have never used tobacco products such as youth and young adults. Given their relatively recent introduction, there has been little time for a scientific body of evidence to develop on the health effects of e-cigarettes. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes reviews and critically assesses the state of the emerging evidence about e-cigarettes and health. This report makes recommendations for the improvement of this research and highlights gaps that are a priority for future research. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary Summary Annex Report Conclusions by Level of Evidence 1 Introduction 2 Committee Approach Section I: E-Cigarette Devices, Constituents, and Exposures 3 E-Cigarette Devices, Uses, and Exposures 4 Nicotine 5 Toxicology of E-Cigarette Constituents 6 Research Needs: E-Cigarette Devices, Constituents, and Exposures Section II: Effects of E-Cigarettes on Health 7 Modes of Action 8 Dependence and Abuse Liability 9 Cardiovascular Disease 10 Cancers 11 Respiratory Diseases 12 Oral Diseases 13 Developmental and Reproductive Effects 14 Injuries and Poisonings 15 Research Needs: Effects of E-Cigarettes on Health Section III: Public Health Implications of E-Cigarettes 16 Combustible Tobacco Cigarette Smoking Among Youth and Young Adults 17 Smoking Cessation Among Adults 18 Harm Reduction 19 Modeling of E-Cigarette Use 20 Research Needs: Public Health Implications of E-Cigarettes 21 Concluding Observations Appendix A: Questions from the Center for Tobacco Products of the Food and Drug Administration Submitted for the Committee's Consideration Appendix B: Search Strategy and Quality Assessment Appendix C: Glossary of Terms Related to E-Cigarettes Appendix D: Cytotoxicity Tables Appendix E: Public Meeting Agenda Appendix F: Committee Biosketches

The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. UNSCEAR's scientific findings underpin radiation risk evaluation and international protection standards. This report comprises a report to the General Assembly with two underpinning scientific annexes. The first annex recapitulates and clarifies the philosophy of science as well as the scientific knowledge for attributing observed health effects in individuals and populations to radiation exposure, and distinguishes between that and inferring risk to individuals and populations from an exposure. The second annex reviews the latest thinking and approaches to quantifying the uncertainties in assessments of risk from radiation exposure, and illustrates these approaches with application to examples that are highly pertinent to radiation protection. The report is a landmark publication in terms of our understanding of the confidence that can be attached to the attribution of health effects in individuals and populations, and to the estimation of risks inferred from exposure to ionizing radiation.

Frances McDormand and Brian Cox star in this political thriller directed by Ken Loach. After American human rights lawyer Paul Sullivan (Brad Dourif) is shot dead at a police roadblock in Belfast his girlfriend Ingrid (McDormand) comes to believe that he was murdered because he discovered sensitive information regarding the troubles in Northern Ireland. To calm the growing outrage, the British Government assigns a top ranking police inspector (Cox) to investigate, and together with Ingrid he uncovers a trail of corruption, cover-ups and violence.

From 1962 to 1971, the US military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam. Because of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations are conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence.Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2012 reviews peer-reviewed scientific reports concerning associations between health outcomes and exposure to TCDD and other chemicals in the herbicides used in Vietnam that were published in October 2010-September 2012 and integrates this information with the previously established evidence database. This report considers whether a statistical association with herbicide exposure exists, taking into account the strength of the scientific evidence and the appropriateness of the statistical and epidemiological methods used to detect the association; the increased risk of disease among those exposed to herbicides during service in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam era; and whether there exists a plausible biological mechanism or other evidence of a causal relationship between herbicide exposure and the disease. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Evaluating the Evidence 3 Exposure to the Herbicides Used in Vietnam 4 Information Related to Biologic Plausibility 5 Epidemiologic Studies: Compendium of New Publications 6 Epidemiologic Studies: Background on Multiply Referenced Populations 7 Immune-System Disorders 8 Cancer 9 Fertility and Gestational Outcomes 10 Effects on Future Generations 11 Neurologic Disorders 12 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes 13 Other Chronic Health Outcomes 14 Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix A: Issues Raised by the Public and Agendas of Public Meetings Held by the Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Ninth Biennial Update) and Other Written Submissions to the Committee Appendix B: Short-Term Adverse Health Responses Appendix C: Clarification of Cancer Groupings Used in Reporting Results, with Correspondence to National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cause-of-Death Codes and International Classification of Diseases Codes for Cancers Appendix D: Biographies of Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Ninth Biennial Update) and Staff

The potential for fatigue to negatively affect human performance is well established. Concern about this potential in the aviation context extends back decades, with both airlines and pilots agreeing that fatigue is a safety concern. A more recent consideration is whether and how pilot commuting, conducted in a pilot's off-duty time, may affect fatigue. The National Academy of Sciences was asked to review available information related to the prevalence and characteristics of pilot commuting; sleep, fatigue, and circadian rhythms; airline and regulatory oversight policies; and pilot and airline practices. This interim report summarizes the committee's review to date of the available information. The final report will present a final review, along with the committee's conclusions and recommendations based on the information available during its deliberations. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary Interim Report References Appendix A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff Appendix B Public Meeting Agendas

The sixth in a series of congressionally mandated reports on Gulf War veterans' health, this volume evaluates the health effects associated with stress. Since the launch of Operation Desert Storm in 1991, there has been growing concern about the physical and psychological health of Gulf War and other veterans. In the late 1990s, Congress responded by asking the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to review and evaluate the scientific and medical literature regarding associations between illness and exposure to toxic agents, environmental or wartime hazards, and preventive medicines or vaccines in members of the armed forces who were exposed to such agents. Deployment to a war zone has a profound impact on the lives of troops and on their family members. There are a plethora of stressors associated with deployment, including constant vigilance against unexpected attack, difficulty distinguishing enemy combatants from civilians, concerns about survival, caring for the badly injured, and witnessing the death of a person. Less traumatic but more pervasive stressors include anxiety about home life, such as loss of a job and income, impacts on relationships, and absence from family. The focus of this report, by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Gulf War and Health: Physiologic, and Psychosocial Effects of Deployment-Related Stress, is the long-term effects of deployment-related stress. Gulf War and Health: Volume 6. Physiologic, and Psychosocial Effects of Development Related Stress evaluates the scientific literature regarding association between deployment-related stressors and health effects, and provides meaningful recommendations to remedy this problem. Table of Contents Front Matter SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CONSIDERATIONS IN IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING THE LITERATURE 3 DEPLOYMENT-RELATED STRESSORS 4 THE STRESS RESPONSE 5 POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 6 HEALTH EFFECTS 7 PSYCHOSOCIAL EFFECTS 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS INDEX

Underground facilities are used extensively by many nations to conceal and protect strategic military functions and weapons' stockpiles. Because of their depth and hardened status, however, many of these strategic hard and deeply buried targets could only be put at risk by conventional or nuclear earth penetrating weapons (EPW). Recently, an engineering feasibility study, the robust nuclear earth penetrator program, was started by DOE and DOD to determine if a more effective EPW could be designed using major components of existing nuclear weapons. This activity has created some controversy about, among other things, the level of collateral damage that would ensue if such a weapon were used. To help clarify this issue, the Congress, in P.L. 107-314, directed the Secretary of Defense to request from the NRC a study of the anticipated health and environmental effects of nuclear earth-penetrators and other weapons and the effect of both conventional and nuclear weapons against the storage of biological and chemical weapons. This report provides the results of those analyses. Based on detailed numerical calculations, the report presents a series of findings comparing the effectiveness and expected collateral damage of nuclear EPW and surface nuclear weapons under a variety of conditions. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Hard and Deeply Buried Targets 3 Earth-Penetrator Weapons 4 Effectiveness of Nuclear Weapons Against Hard and Deeply Buried Targets 5 Fallout and Tools for Calculating Effects of Release of Hazardous Materials 6 Human and Environmental Effects 7 Conventional Weapons 8 Uncertainty in Estimates of Effects 9 Conclusions Appendix A: Committee and Staff Appendix B: Agendas Appendix C: Equivalent Yield Factors for Energy Coupling Appendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations

This book reviews the evaluation research literature that has accumulated around 19 K-12 mathematics curricula and breaks new ground in framing an ambitious and rigorous approach to curriculum evaluation that has relevance beyond mathematics. The committee that produced this book consisted of mathematicians, mathematics educators, and methodologists who began with the following charge: Evaluate the quality of the evaluations of the thirteen National Science Foundation (NSF)-supported and six commercially generated mathematics curriculum materials; Determine whether the available data are sufficient for evaluating the efficacy of these materials, and if not; Develop recommendations about the design of a project that could result in the generation of more reliable and valid data for evaluating such materials. The committee collected, reviewed, and classified almost 700 studies, solicited expert testimony during two workshops, developed an evaluation framework, established dimensions/criteria for three methodologies (content analyses, comparative studies, and case studies), drew conclusions on the corpus of studies, and made recommendations for future research. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 The Challenge and the Charge 2 Committee Procedures and Characteristics of Studies Reviewed 3 Framework for Evaluating Curricular Effectiveness 4 Content Analysis 5 Comparative Studies 6 Case Studies and Synthesis Studies 7 Conclusions and Recommendations References Appendix A: Biographic Sketches Appendix B: Bibliography of Studies Included in Committee Analysis Appendix C: Outcomes Measures Index