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The term "social security" has a very different meaning in
underdeveloped countries -- whose populations live in great
insecurity -- and is best understood as poverty alleviation. This
book attempts to define social security in the Third World and to
examine what sort of programs are most suitable for developing
countries. The authors review current literature on the subject.
Some chapters explore broad themes, others contain case studies
describing social security provisions in various regions of Asia,
Latin America, and Southern Africa. This illuminating study will be
of interst to development economists as well as those working in
international organizations concerned with policy-making in the
Third World and management of resources.
This book collects high-quality papers on issues related to the
rebalancing strategy in China, new clean cities as "hubs'',
liability management, and involving the private sector, including
through PPPs, with specific examples from Guangdong. Guangdong has
been at the forefront of economic reforms in China since the advent
of the Responsibility System in the late 1970s, and its successes
and challenges reflect those of China as a whole. The need for
rebalancing towards a more inclusive and sustainable path is also
critical in Guangdong, just as it is in China. Strengthening the
fiscal underpinnings and the next stages of tax reforms are
critical drivers to accomplishing the requisite structural changes.
Are fiscally decentralized countries inherently more unstable? Or
is it a question of the design of decentralization, requiring, for
example, higher sub-national revenue autonomy and hard budget
constraints? The ongoing euro crisis offers an assortment of
relevant country case studies to test some of those important
propositions. This volume provides authoritative and insightful
assessments of how decentralization and macroeconomic stability
relate to each other, and significantly contributes to our
understanding of multi-level finance and to improving
decentralization design.' - Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, Georgia State
University, USRepresenting a unique contribution to the analysis
and discussion of the unfolding Eurozone crisis in terms of the
relationship between central and local government, this book
addresses a number of important fiscal and political economy
questions. To what extent have local and regional governments
contributed to the crisis? To what degree have sub-national
services and investments borne the brunt of the adjustments? How
have multi-level fissures affected tensions between different
levels of government from the supranational to the local? This
volume covers these and many other critical issues that have been
largely ignored despite their relevance. The book first addresses
general issues of fiscal coordination and management across levels
of government in the context of incentives, which can be altered by
the existence of a supranational tier. The country-specific
chapters, prepared by leading experts, provide a thorough review of
the key problems of multi-levels of government in the biggest
economies in the Eurozone (France and Germany) and Southern Europe
(Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece). In further chapters the
juxtaposition of Barcelona and Turin provides an opportunity to
evaluate large investments in a multi-level context, associated, in
this case, with the Olympics. Macedonia provides a discussion of
the related issues in an EU accession country. As a whole, the book
explores the long-term impact of the crisis on local service
delivery and investment, and the consequences for sustainable
growth and political cohesion. It also offers rarely found insights
and suggestions to increase the stability and strength of
multi-level European institutions. This is an enlightening resource
for all those, from academics and graduates to policy makers and
practitioners, seeking a comprehensive understanding of European
fiscal, federal and financial issues. Contributors: E. Ahmad, M.F.
Ambrosanio, P. Balduzzi, M. Bordignon, G. Brosio, G. Chortareas, M.
Fortuna, P. Garello, S. Lagos-Penas, V.E. Logothetis, G. Milbradt,
L.F. Minervini, A. Mourmouras, M. Nikolov, J.S. Pandiello, S.
Piperno, P. Rangazas, A. Sole Olle, P.B. Spahn, T. Ter-Minassian,
A. Vinella
The growth of interest in fiscal decentralization has meant that there has been something of a rush to enshrine this in policy - The World Bank has reported that about 70 countries see this as a major part of their development strategy. This book critically examines the case for decentralization. This collection of contributions comes from a worldwide team of experts, including Albert Breton, Piero Giarda and Anwar Shah. After analyzing fiscal decentralization in general, the book goes on to look at intriguing case studies of various regions around the world including: * The European Union * Hungary and Slovakia * Russia and China * Asia and Africa eBook available with sample pages: 0203219996
This Handbook explores and explains new developments in the 'second
generation' theory of public finance, in which benevolent rulers
and governments have been replaced by personally motivated
politicians and the associated institutions. In other words, the
normative approach has largely given way to a political economy
approach which emphasizes the importance of institutional
arrangements and information flows to ensure there are appropriate
incentives and sanctions to generate good governance.Following a
comprehensive introduction by the editors, the renowned
contributors present fresh and original perspectives on the key
multi-level issues, along with recent developments in theory and
practice, as they relate to taxes, budget systems, the management
of liabilities and macroeconomic stability. The book also explores
special issues concerning the poor and marginalized, structural
change and the environment, natural disasters, and the task of
overcoming conflicts whilst keeping countries together. The
Handbook is organized along three broad themes which elucidate: -
the different interpretations and approaches to fiscal federalism -
the design of policies and institutions that govern the working of
multilevel systems - the emerging challenges to decentralized
systems. The Handbook seeks to provide an unparalleled review of
the latest literature on the broad subject of fiscal federalism and
the role of policies and institutions in creating sustainable
outcomes. It will prove an indispensable guide to researchers,
practitioners, and policy makers seeking informed policy options.
Contributors: E. Ahmad, F. Ambrosanio, R.W. Bahl, P. Bardhan, R.M.
Bird, R. Birner, H. Bloechliger, R. Boadway, M. Bordignon,
A.Breton, G. Brosio, R. Congleton, B. Dafflon, S. Dalmazzone, P.
Castaneda Dower, T.J. Goodspeed, J.F. Linn, B. Lockwood, J.
Martinez-Vazquez, D. Mookherjee, C. Poeschl, F. Revelli, P. Salmon,
P.B. Spahn, T. Ter-Minassian, J. von Braun, S. Weber, J.D. Wilson
This major Handbook addresses fiscal relations between different
levels of government under the general rubric of 'fiscal
federalism', providing a review of the latest literature as well as
an invaluable guide for practitioners and policy makers seeking
informed policy options. The contributors include leading lights in
the field, many of whom have themselves made seminal contributions
to the literature. Comprehensive and wide in coverage, the issues
covered range from federal systems to other forms of
intergovernmental relations, such as supra-national constructs -
namely, the European Union - unitary states, regional systems, and
more decentralized operations, including community level
organizations. The political economy approach emphasizes the
importance of institutional arrangements, including the legal,
political and administrative aspects, and information flows to
ensure that there are appropriate incentives and sanctions to
generate good governance. This Handbook also devotes attention to
emerging issues, such as environmental protection, the sharing of
natural resources among levels of government, corruption and the
impact of federalism and decentralization on national unity. It
will be a vital reference tool for the area for many years to come.
Fiscal federalism has been the subject of much scholarly debate
over the years. These volumes successfully bring together seminal
articles from the past fifty years to demonstrate how the focus has
evolved from 'first generation' to 'second generation' theories of
intergovermental relations. The editors enhance the collection with
detailed analyses of how competition affects relations between
varying levels of government, and examine the hypotheses underlying
the theory of fiscal federalism. This set of authoritative papers
will be an indispensable reference source for scholars and
practitioners in this field.
This book presents a new approach to recurrent property taxation
based on occupancy, size, and location, that will strengthen local
governments. Reflecting on the concept of "beneficial property
taxation" first proposed by Alfred Marshall, the political economy
constraints faced by traditional property taxation are examined and
compared with evidence for beneficial property tax seen in China,
Mexico, and sub-Saharan Africa. The benefits of this form of
taxation are highlighted in relation to the financing of local
public services and infrastructure that are required for
sustainable development. This book provides a policy-oriented look
at property taxation that engages with the sustainable development
goals and lay the foundations for a post-pandemic recovery. It will
be relevant to researchers and policymakers interested in
development economics and the governance of taxation.
This major Handbook addresses fiscal relations between different
levels of government under the general rubric of 'fiscal
federalism', providing a review of the latest literature as well as
an invaluable guide for practitioners and policy makers seeking
informed policy options. The contributors include leading lights in
the field, many of whom have themselves made seminal contributions
to the literature. Comprehensive and wide in coverage, the issues
covered range from federal systems to other forms of
intergovernmental relations, such as supra-national constructs -
namely, the European Union - unitary states, regional systems, and
more decentralized operations, including community level
organizations. The political economy approach emphasizes the
importance of institutional arrangements, including the legal,
political and administrative aspects, and information flows to
ensure that there are appropriate incentives and sanctions to
generate good governance. This Handbook also devotes attention to
emerging issues, such as environmental protection, the sharing of
natural resources among levels of government, corruption and the
impact of federalism and decentralization on national unity. It
will be a vital reference tool for the area for many years to come.
This insightful book focuses on the role of fiscal policy in common
markets, especially in the context of the supranational constructs
in the Gulf Cooperation Council, comprising Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,
Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman. It draws on the
experience of the EU and the importance of VAT, and reflects on the
other main common market in Central America. Although oil windfalls
have opened a window of opportunity for the Gulf States, at the
same time they have created numerous problems. In particular, the
uncertainty associated with periods of boom and bust in the oil
market has made the formulation and implementation of sound fiscal
policies a formidable task. In this study, the distinguished
authors present the background to current fiscal reforms and
address the critical challenges facing the Gulf States including
the choice between consumption and saving (or current needs and
future requirements); intra-generational equity issues; the
pro-cyclicality of fiscal policy; fiscal sustainability and the
prudent management of revenues from finite oil reserves. They
examine the case for VAT to substantially replace customs duties, a
significant source of non-oil revenue which would be lost as a
result of free trade agreements between the GCC and key trading
partners. They also demonstrate how an agreed design for VAT would
assist in furthering economic integration, and enhance trade and
exports. If properly sequenced, VAT would have a negligible impact
on both inflation and the poor, and would be progressive in
relation to the customs duties replaced. This highly topical book
will be of great interest to academics specializing in public
sector economics and public finance, and to national and
international policymakers involved in fiscal reform.
Financing Decentralized Expenditures presents new original research
papers on the structure of intergovernmental fiscal relations in
virtually all types of countries and the design and implementation
of transfer mechanisms between different levels of government.In
developing, transition, and industrial countries alike, the process
of decentralization of government expenditures has proceeded apace
to provide better accountability and quality of services to
consumers. At the same time, tax administration constraints dictate
the central collection and assignment of the major sources of
revenues - particularly income taxes and VAT. This generates an
imbalance in favour of the central government. The manner in which
this imbalance in redistributed affects the degree and nature of
decentralization generating considerable debate in countries as
diverse as Italy and Denmark, those in North America, as well as
countries in transition, such as China and Russia. The book
includes a balance of overview pieces that explore the general
issues supplemented by a large number of studies of
intergovernmental transfer systems in specific countries. It offers
a unique source of reference by providing a wealth of information
of grant systems around the world.
This book collects high-quality papers on issues related to the
rebalancing strategy in China, new clean cities as "hubs'',
liability management, and involving the private sector, including
through PPPs, with specific examples from Guangdong. Guangdong has
been at the forefront of economic reforms in China since the advent
of the Responsibility System in the late 1970s, and its successes
and challenges reflect those of China as a whole. The need for
rebalancing towards a more inclusive and sustainable path is also
critical in Guangdong, just as it is in China. Strengthening the
fiscal underpinnings and the next stages of tax reforms are
critical drivers to accomplishing the requisite structural changes.
This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC
BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship
Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected
open access locations. The term 'social security' has a very
different meaning in underdeveloped countries and is best
understood as poverty alleviation. This work seeks to define social
security in its various forms and to examine what types of
programmes are most suitable for developing countries. The authors
review current literature on the subject. Some chapters explore
broad themes, while others describe social security provisions in
various regions in South Asia, China, Latin America, and Southern
Africa. Western systems are compared and broad assessments made of
the traditional social security systems in village societies. The
editors aim to put the subject of social security firmly on the
agenda of development economic research with a view to stimulate
much further research in this area. The volume is written in a way
that will be accessible to a much wider audience.
Does decentralization enhance service delivery and poverty
reduction? The expert contributors to this book address this
fundamental question faced by policymakers and scholars in
developing and advanced countries. The book illustrates that it is
equally important for international agencies as well as bilateral
donors to provide advice and assistance on decentralization that
effectively supports poverty reduction.The volume builds on
insights from the recent, political economy developments in the
intergovernmental literature reviewed in the Handbook of Fiscal
Federalism, and presents new empirical evidence on the effects of
decentralization in different parts of the world. Policy-oriented
papers evaluating the effectiveness of decentralized service
delivery are presented. The role of institutions and the importance
of sequencing of policies in ensuring effective outcomes are also
considered. The volume presents some insightful empirical studies
of the decentralization process from Latin America, Eastern Europe,
and Africa. With a detailed empirical analysis of effective
outcomes of public policies implemented at the sub-national level,
and a focus on method, this book will be of great interest to
academics specializing in public sector economics and public
finance, and to national and international policymakers.
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