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A systematic evaluation of the implementation of the federal
government's environmental justice policies. In the 1970s and
1980s, the U.S. Congress passed a series of laws that were
milestones in environmental protection, including the Clean Air Act
and the Clean Water Act. But by the 1990s, it was clear that
environmental benefits were not evenly distributed and that poor
and minority communities bore disproportionate environmental
burdens. The Clinton administration put these concerns on the
environmental policy agenda, most notably with a 1994 executive
order that called on federal agencies to consider environmental
justice issues whenever appropriate. This volume offers the first
systematic, empirically based evaluation of the effectiveness of
the federal government's environmental justice policies. The
contributors consider three overlapping aspects of environmental
justice: distributive justice, or the equitable distribution of
environmental burdens and benefits; procedural justice, or the
fairness of the decision-making process itself; and corrective
justice, or the fairness of punishment and compensation. Focusing
on the central role of the Environmental Protection Agency, they
discuss such topics as facility permitting, rulemaking,
participatory processes, bias in enforcement, and the role of the
courts in redressing environmental injustices. Taken together, the
contributions suggest that-despite recent environmental justice
initiatives from the Obama administration-the federal government
has largely failed to deliver on its promises of environmental
justice. Contributors Dorothy M. Daley, Eileen Gauna, Elizabeth
Gross, David M. Konisky, Douglas S. Noonan, Tony G. Reames,
Christopher Reenock, Ronald J. Shadbegian, Paul Stretesky, Ann
Wolverton
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