In a deeply iniquitous world, where the gains from trade are distributed unevenly and where trade rules often militate against progressive social values, human health, and sustainable development, NGOs are widely touted as our best hope for redressing these conditions. As a critical voice of the poor and marginalized, many are engaged in a global struggle for democratic norms and social justice. Yet the potential for NGOs to bring about meaningful change is limited. This book examines whether improvements in participatory opportunities for progressive NGOs results in substantive and normative policy change in one of the major trading powers, the European Union. Hannah advances a constructivist account of the role of NGOs in the EU's trade policymaking process. She argues that NGOs have been instrumental in providing education, raising awareness, and giving a voice to broader societal concerns about proposed trade deals, both when they take advantage of formal participatory opportunities and when they protest from the streets and in the media. However, the book also highlights how NGO inputs are mediated by the social structure of global trade governance. Epistemes-the background knowledge, ideological and normative beliefs, and shared assumptions about how the world works-determine who has a voice in global trade governance. Showing how NGOs succeed only when their advocacy conforms broadly to the dominant episteme, this book will be of value to scholars and students with an interest in NGOs and international trade negotiations. It will also be of interest to policymakers, national trade negotiators, government departments, and the trade policy community.

This book explores tensions in global trade by examining the role of experts in generating, disseminating and legitimating knowledge about the possibilities of trade to work for global development. To this end, contributors assess authoritative claims on knowledge. They also consider structural features that uphold trade experts' monopoly over knowledge, such as expert language and legal and economic expertise. The chapters collectively explore the tensions between actors who seek to effect change and those who work to uphold the status quo, exacerbate asymmetries, and reinforce the dominant narrative of the global trade regime. The book addresses the following key overarching research questions: Who is considered to be a trade expert and how does one become a knowledge producer in global trade? How do experts acquire, disseminate and legitimate knowledge? What agendas are advanced by expert knowledge? How does the discourse generated within trade expertise serve to close off alternative institutional pathways and modes of thinking? What potential exists for the emergence of more emancipatory global trade policies from contemporary developments in the field of trade expertise? This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of IPE, Trade Politics, International Relations, and International Organizations.

This book explores tensions in global trade by examining the role of experts in generating, disseminating and legitimating knowledge about the possibilities of trade to work for global development. To this end, contributors assess authoritative claims on knowledge. They also consider structural features that uphold trade experts' monopoly over knowledge, such as expert language and legal and economic expertise. The chapters collectively explore the tensions between actors who seek to effect change and those who work to uphold the status quo, exacerbate asymmetries, and reinforce the dominant narrative of the global trade regime. The book addresses the following key overarching research questions: Who is considered to be a trade expert and how does one become a knowledge producer in global trade? How do experts acquire, disseminate and legitimate knowledge? What agendas are advanced by expert knowledge? How does the discourse generated within trade expertise serve to close off alternative institutional pathways and modes of thinking? What potential exists for the emergence of more emancipatory global trade policies from contemporary developments in the field of trade expertise? This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of IPE, Trade Politics, International Relations, and International Organizations.

International trade continues to be a focal point for political and social contestation. The extension of World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements into new areas such as investment, services and intellectual property rights engendered massive conflict and rendered ongoing negotiations infinitely more technical and complex. A chorus of legitimacy concerns were raised by the extension of trade rules beyond barriers to trade at the border to national regulatory regimes in a host of ostensibly non-trade areas such as food safety, environment, human health and taxation. Meanwhile, the WTO's Doha Development Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations is trapped in seemingly endless deadlock. These developments are accompanied by the proliferation of progressive, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who are critical of the global trade agenda. They aim to elevate social, cultural and environmental concerns of entire communities over market-related concerns in the international trade system and to give a voice to poor and otherwise marginalized groups in trade policymaking processes.This book considers whether more open trade policymaking processes that include progressive NGOs lead to a stronger, more legitimate and qualitatively enhanced international trade system. The European Union (EU) stands out among major trading powers for its significant and dramatic response to new demands for access and participation. This book examines whether improvements in the political opportunity structure for progressive NGOs results in more legitimate external trade policymaking in the EU. Hannah argues that there is clear potential for NGOs to represent citizens' demands, constitute a basic form of popular representation and hold decision-makers accountable to a broader public, and in the past NGOs have been instrumental in providing education, raising awareness, and giving a voice to broader societal concerns about the social, environmental and health-related aspects of proposed trade deals. However, they have not been able to determine policy outcomes in this arena, regardless of whether they are deeply and formally integrated into the trade policymaking process or protesting on the margins.The book builds upon the insights of constructivism to advance an alternative account of the role of NGOs in the EU's trade policymaking process, suggesting that NGOs have succeeded only when their attempts to achieve more democratic, sustainable and equitable trade policies have conformed broadly to the dominant episteme. When they seek to overrule that episteme, they fail. These findings suggest that early optimism about the power of NGOs to influence international public policy was both premature and naive. This book will be of value to scholars and students with an interest in NGOs and international trade negotiations, as well as to policymakers, national trade negotiators, government departments and the trade policy community.