The challenge of our time is the greening of products. Different tools and concepts to support this process have been developed in the past decade. Among others, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) appears as one of the most instructive management instruments for gaining insight into product-related environmental impacts and for supporting an effective integration of environmental aspects in business and economy. Research on LCA was and still is focused on improving the methodology. In fact, the "LCA technique" has significantly improved over the last few years. However, this research progress did nearly not stress the application context of LCA and its embodiment into business and industry. This is precisely the primary focus of the present book. Based on the empirical information of a large survey and of 20 company case studies, the book describes the set of applications and uses, as well as the dynamics of the adoption and integration patterns of LCA within business and industry.

Javier F. Leon and Helena Simonett curate a collection of essential writings from the last twenty-five years of Latin American music studies. Chosen as representative, outstanding, and influential in the field, each article appears in English translation. A detailed new introduction by Leon and Simonett both surveys and contextualizes the history of Latin American ethnomusicology, opening the door for readers energized by the musical forms brought and nurtured by immigrants from throughout Latin America. Contributors include Marina Alonso Bolanos, Gonzalo Camacho Diaz, Jose Jorge de Carvalho, Claudio F. Diaz, Rodrigo Cantos Savelli Gomes, Juan Pablo Gonzalez, Ruben Lopez-Cano, Angela Luhning, Jorge Martinez Ulloa, Maria Ignez Cruz Mello, Julio Mendivil, Carlos Minana Blasco, Raul R. Romero, Inigo Sanchez Fuarros, Carlos Sandroni, Carolina Santamaria-Delgado, Rodrigo Torres Alvarado, and Alejandro Vera.

1.1 Life Cycle Assessment (LeA): a fascinating and sophisticated tool The greening of the economy is not a new task, but it is a challenge for which a lot of tasks still have to be done. It is known that the main source of environ mental deterioration by industry is not any more the chimneys and other process related emissions, but the products and services produced. Products are regarded as carriers of polIution: they are not only a potential source of polIution and waste during their use; they are also a cause of resource depletion, energy consumption, and emissions du ring their life starting with the extraction of the raw materials and ending with their disposal (i.e. connecting production and consumption stages). The challenge of these decades is now the greening of products and services. The new focus on products (cp. OosterhuislRubik/ScholI 1996) was introduced as a policy approach of shared responsibility in which different actors are in volved along the life-cycle of a product, each having specific responsibilities."

Innovation-oriented environmental regulation is extremely attractive f or policy planners and decision makers, since it is expected that inno vations can cut costs of environmental measures and overcome existing trade-offs between economic and ecological goals. The central question is, however, how such a regulatory regime of environmental policy app roaches should look like. This book provides an excellent overview of the state of research by presenting and discussing theoretical approac hes towards a framework of environmental regulation and innovation, in ternational case studies as well as econometric and modelling studies from Europe and the USA.