First published in 1987. The legal and political writings of the German Social Democrats Kirchheimer and Neumann, from the period prior to the National Socialist seizure of power, are little known to English readers. This volume presents a selection of important essays from this period, which focus on the prospects for the constitutional realization of a social democratic order in the first German Republic - the Weimar Republic, created out of the collapse of the monarchy in 1918, and destroyed by the National Socialists in 1933. Both Kirchheimer and Neumann were active as lawyers in the later 1920s and early 1930s, the latter especially having a close connection with trade union legislation and labour law. From their viewpoint as Social Democrats and lawyers they present incisive analyses of the problems confronted by the attempt to realize the ideal of a social Rechtsstaat in a political environment increasingly dominated by forces on left and right which saw constitutional order only as a means to seize power, and not as a legitimate form of order in itself. In these circumstances, political issues translated into constitutional issues, and thus could be analysed in terms of the aims and objectives of a given constitutional order. A substantial introduction by the volume's editor, Keith Tribe, presents the political and theoretical background to these essays, which range over questions of industrial democracy, political representation, parliamentary rule and the role of judicial review. These issues are once more on the political agenda of Western industrial democracies, and the analyses of Kirchheimer and Neumann have lost none of their force and relevance, despite the catastrophic 'failure' of Weimar democracy in 1933.

First published in 1987. The legal and political writings of the German Social Democrats Kirchheimer and Neumann, from the period prior to the National Socialist seizure of power, are little known to English readers. This volume presents a selection of important essays from this period, which focus on the prospects for the constitutional realization of a social democratic order in the first German Republic - the Weimar Republic, created out of the collapse of the monarchy in 1918, and destroyed by the National Socialists in 1933. Both Kirchheimer and Neumann were active as lawyers in the later 1920s and early 1930s, the latter especially having a close connection with trade union legislation and labour law. From their viewpoint as Social Democrats and lawyers they present incisive analyses of the problems confronted by the attempt to realize the ideal of a social Rechtsstaat in a political environment increasingly dominated by forces on left and right which saw constitutional order only as a means to seize power, and not as a legitimate form of order in itself. In these circumstances, political issues translated into constitutional issues, and thus could be analysed in terms of the aims and objectives of a given constitutional order. A substantial introduction by the volume's editor, Keith Tribe, presents the political and theoretical background to these essays, which range over questions of industrial democracy, political representation, parliamentary rule and the role of judicial review. These issues are once more on the political agenda of Western industrial democracies, and the analyses of Kirchheimer and Neumann have lost none of their force and relevance, despite the catastrophic 'failure' of Weimar democracy in 1933.

During the Second World War, three prominent members of the Frankfurt School--Franz Neumann, Herbert Marcuse, and Otto Kirchheimer--worked as intelligence analysts for the Office of Strategic Services, the wartime forerunner of the CIA. This book brings together their most important intelligence reports on Nazi Germany, most of them published here for the first time.

These reports provide a fresh perspective on Hitler's regime and the Second World War, and a fascinating window on Frankfurt School critical theory. They develop a detailed analysis of Nazism as a social and economic system and the role of anti-Semitism in Nazism, as well as a coherent plan for the reconstruction of postwar Germany as a democratic political system with a socialist economy. These reports played a significant role in the development of postwar Allied policy, including denazification and the preparation of the Nuremberg Trials. They also reveal how wartime intelligence analysis shaped the intellectual agendas of these three important German-Jewish scholars who fled Nazi persecution prior to the war.

"Secret Reports on Nazi Germany" features a foreword by Raymond Geuss as well as a comprehensive general introduction by Raffaele Laudani that puts these writings in historical and intellectual context.

, Herausforderungen' und, Antworten' - diese Begriffe sind als di daktische Schliisselkategorien zum Merkmal des didaktischen Den kens von Wolfgang Hilligen geworden. So sehr sie heute Allgemein platz geworden sind, - er seIber hat sie schon 1955 verwendet, um die Moglichkeiten politischen Handelns in einer problematisch geworde nen Welt aufzuzeigen. Eine Schrift, durch welche Freunde und Kolle gen Wolfgang Hilligen zu seinem 75. Geburtstag im Mai 1991 ehren wollen, muJ3 diese Worte im Titel aufweisen, wenn sie seinem Werk ge recht werden solI., Herausforderungen' sind die krisenhaften Gefahrdungen der jewei ligen Gegenwart; mit dem Begrift', Antworten' wird die Uberzeugung ausgedriickt, daB Menschen die Kraft und die Fiihigkeit besitzen, die sen Gefahrdungen zu begegnen und LOsungen zu finden, die ihnen ein Uberleben und ein sinnvolles Leben ermoglichen. Es ist dies eine ge schichtsphilosophische Grundiiberzeugung, die sich bei Wolfgang Hilli gen gegen Endzeit-und Untergangspessimismus richtet und ein MaO an Zuversicht ausstrahlt, das Jugendliche wie Erwachsene ermutigen kann. Die, Antworten' sind im Sinne von Wolfgang Hilligen nicht als bloB technokratische zu verstehen. Vielmehr miissen sie nach seiner Uberzeugung von einem Bezug auf normative Grundentscheidungen geleitet sein. Hilligen hat seine normative Uberzeugungen in seinen, Optionen' formuliert; sie stellen den Wertekern seiner Didaktik dar. Es sind die Optionen - ffir die unbedingte Geltung personaler Menschenrechte, - llir die Uberwindung struktureller sozialer Ungleichheiten, - fUr die Notwendigkeit, Spielraum und Institutionen fUr Alterna- ven zu schaffen und zu verbessern."

In fruheren Arbeiten war der EinfluB der Begleit-und Legierungselemente auf das physikalisch-chemische Verhalten des Kohlenstoffs im schmelzflussigen Bereich untersucht worden. Die Gleichgewichtsuntersuchungen erstreckten sich zunachst auf die kohlenstoffgesattigten Dreistoffsysteme Eisen-Kohlenstoff-X eX = Zu satzelement) und spater auch auf Vier-und Mehrstoffschmelzen. Dabei steIlte sich heraus, daB die fur die Dreistoffsysteme ermittelten WirkungsgroBen in den meisten Fallen auch auf die Mehrstofflosungen ubertragen werden konnen, und zwar gilt dies zumindest fur den Bereich geringer Gehalte der Zusatzelemente. Lediglich das fur die GuBeisenherstellung wichtige Teilsystem Eisen-Mangan Schwefel-Kohlenstoff schien nach Untersuchungen von L. LEONTARITIS eine Ausnahme im Bereich geringer Mangangehalte von 0,7 bis 0,9% zu machen. Aus diesem Grunde wurde eine groBere Anzahl von Versuchen durchgefuhrt, die dies es Verhalten klaren sollten. Dabei wurde bei allen Schmelzen ein additives Verhalten festgestellt, was be deutet, daB der gleichzeitige EinfluB von Mangan und Schwefel auf Kohlenstoff sich additiv aus den den Konzentrationen von Mangan und Schwefel entsprechen den WirkungsgroBen fur die Dreistoffsysteme zusammensetzt. Zwar wurden weitere Versuche uber die Auswirkung der Legierungstechnik und uber den zeit lichen Verlauf der Aufkohlung durchgefuhrt, doch brachten auch diese Ergeb nisse nicht die gewunschte Klarung uber die Ursache fur die von L. LEONTARTIS gefundene, vom additiven Ver halten abweichende Kohlenstoffaufnahme, so daB weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich sind."

Printed For The Use Of The Special Committee To Study Problems Of American Small Business.

Printed For The Use Of The Special Committee To Study Problems Of American Small Business.

Published by the United States Senate Special Committee to Study Problems of American Small Business in 1943, the preface opens with: "One of the secrets of fighting an effective war is knowing the enemy, how he operates, and what are his aims. Yet, although we have been officially at war with Hitler's germany for more than a year, there is still an insufficient understanding among the American people of the relationship between National Socialism and the cause of independent small business enterprise. "This study establishes two points that, in my opinion, deserve the closest attention of thoughtful Americans. "First, it shows that despite their wild promises to small business, the Nazis have systematically proceeded to destroy small business. Often it is done directly by forcing smaller concerns to close down. Still more often it is done by undermining the independence of smaller concerns; that is, by making them completely subservient to a giant cartel, a prime contractor, or the Third Reich itself. ... "Moreover, the study lays bare the fact that the neglect of small business by the pre-Hitler Government assisted Hitler in his rise to power. ..." Claude Pepper Member, Special Committee to Study Problems of American Small Business United States Senate