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This brief presents the state of the art on enzymatic synthesis of
structured triglycerides and diglycerides, focusing on glycerol as
the substrate and covering interesterification of vegetable oils in
one and two steps. It critically reviews the available literature
on enzymatic and chemo-enzymatic synthesis of di- and triglycerides
in one or more steps. The effects of the structure, length and
unsaturation of the fatty acids are carefully considered, as well
as the inhibitory potential of highly unsaturated complex fatty
acid structures. The brief also addresses acyl migration and the
use of adsorbents, taking into account the most recent literature
and presenting the problem in an industrial context. It discusses
experimental and analytical problems concerning, e.g. the lab scale
and the scaling up to bench and pilot plants. Several examples are
presented, and their successes and failures are assessed.
Biocatalysts based on lipases are analyzed with regard to problems
of immobilization, stability on storage time and activity after
multiple uses. The need for specific Sn-2 lipases is presented and
strategies for optimizing Sn-2 esterification are discussed.
Lastly, practical aspects are examined, e.g. lipase "leaching" with
loss of activity, taking into account the latest findings on
continuous and batch reactor configurations and presenting the
advantages and disadvantages of each.
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