This volume is a collection of 30 papers on the broad subject of the Scandinavian expansion westwards to Britain, Ireland and the North Atlantic, with a particular emphasis on settlement. The volume has been prepared in tribute to the work of Barbara E. Crawford on this subject, and to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the publication of her seminal book, Scandinavian Scotland. Reflecting Dr Crawford's interests, the papers cover a range of disciplines, and are arranged into four main sections: History and Cultural Contacts; The Church and the Cult of Saints; Archaeology, Material Culture and Settlement; Place-Names and Language. The combination provides a variety of new perspectives both on the Viking expansion and on Scandinavia's continued contacts across the North Sea in the post-Viking period. Contributors include: Lesley Abrams, Haki Antonsson, Beverley Ballin Smith, James Barrett, Paul Bibire, Nicholas Brooks, Dauvit Broun, Margaret Cormac, Neil Curtis, Clare Downham, Gillian Fellows-Jensen, Ian Fisher, Katherine Forsyth, Peder Gammeltoft, Sarah Jane Gibbon, Mark Hall, Hans Emil Liden, Christopher Lowe, Joanne McKenzie, Christopher Morris, Elizabeth Okasha, Elizabeth Ridel, Liv Schei, Jon Vioar Sigurosson, Brian Smith, Steffen Stumann Hansen, Frans Arne Stylegard, Simon Taylor, William Thomson, Gareth Williams, Doreen Waugh and Alex Woolf.

This is a themed volume of 28 papers, written in honour of Marion Archibald. It considers the role of coinage in northern Europe from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the early thirteenth century. Although the focus of the volume is the coinage itself, the majority of the papers consider coinage in its historical and/or archaeological context. A recurrent theme of the volume is the movement of coinage across the English Channel and the North Sea and beyond. Particular areas of focus include the importation and use of money in early Anglo-Saxon England; movement, hoarding and secondary treatment of coinage during the Viking Age; and monetary contacts between England and her neighbours under the Normans and Angevins. The papers in this book provide an important range of perspectives in current numismatic research, and will provide a valuable resource for scholars in a variety of disciplines with interests in the economy and society in northern Europe, c. 500-1250.

Covering all GCSE specifications, this tried and tested series has been fully updated to match the (9-1) GCSE Biology specifications for first examination in 2018, as well as international specifications. With a focus on science, concepts develop naturally, engaging students and enabling them to get a thorough understanding of Biology.

For nearly three hundred years, from the end of the eighth century AD until approximately 1100, the Vikings set out from Scandinavia across the northern world a dramatic time that would change Europe forever. This book explores the Viking conquest and settlement across Britain and Ireland, covering the core period of Viking activity from the first Viking raids to the raids of Magnus Barelegs, king of Norway. This lively history looks at the impact of the Viking forces, the development of societies within their settlements, their trades and beliefs, language and their interactions with native peoples. Drawing on the superb collection of the British Museum, together with other finds, sites and monuments, The Vikings in Britain and Ireland is a richly-illustrated introduction to the culture, daily life and times of the Vikings and their legacy which is still visible today.

Improving health in populations in which health is poor is a complex process. This book argues that the traditional government approach of exhorting individuals to live healthier lifestyles is not enough - action to promote public health needs to take place not just through public agencies, but also by engaging community assets and resources in their broadest sense. The book reports lessons from the experience of planning, establishing and delivering such action by the five-year Sustainable Health Action Research Programme (SHARP) in Wales. It critically examines the experience of SHARP in relation to current literature on policy; community health and health inequalities; and action research. The authors make clear how this regional development has produced opportunities for developing general concepts and theory about community-based policy developments that are relevant across national boundaries and show that complex and sustained community action, and effective local partnership, are fundamental components of the mix of factors required to address health inequalities successfully. The book concludes by indicating the connections between SHARP and earlier traditions of community-based action, and by arguing that we need to be bolder in our approaches to community-based health improvement and more flexible in our understanding of the ways in which knowledge and inform developments in health policy. The book will be of interest to practitioners and activists working in community-based projects; students in community development, health studies and medical sociology; professionals working in health promotion, community nursing and allied areas; and policy makers working at local, regional and national levels.

This book offers the first annotated translation in English of two works of the eminent Venetian humanist, Ermolao Barbaro (1454-93). Books 3 and 4 of On Celibacy seek to justify a contemplative existence at a far remove from the active life and career-path expected of a figure of Barbaro’s standing within the Venetian patriciate; Books 1 and 2 of On Celibacy are presented in the companion piece to this second volume. The second work presented here is Barbaro’s short treatise On the Duty of Ambassador (likely written in mid- to late-1489): based on Barbaro’s own practical experience as a Venetian envoy abroad, this treatise outlines the conduct expected of the dedicated career diplomat. Viewed against each other, Barbaro’s On Celibacy and On the Duty of the Ambassador offer contrasting perspectives on the wider 15th-century debate about the claims of the reflective as opposed to the active life – a debate that extends all the way back to Greco-Roman antiquity. In On Celibacy the young Barbaro is committed to a life that proudly renounces civic engagement in the name of self-discovery and inner fulfilment. Yet a different Barbaro asserts himself in On the Duty of the Ambassador: he now presents himself as a committed public servant in a work that is ahead if its time in theorizing the nature of ‘modern’ Renaissance diplomacy. On a personal level, these two works capture the profound dichotomy in Barbaro’s life between his humanist devotion to scholarship on the one hand and, on the other, his burden of duty to the Republic of Venice.

This volume offers the first annotated English translation of the first two books of On Celibacy (1473) by the eminent Venetian humanist Ermolao Barbaro (1454-93); Books 3 and 4 of On Celibacy are presented, along with Barbaro’s On the Duty of the Ambassador, in the companion piece to this first volume. Setting out the historical context that crucially conditions Barbaro’s advocacy of the celibate life in Books 1 and 2, the introduction examines how On Celibacy seeks to justify a contemplative existence that rejects the career path expected of a figure of Barbaro’s standing within the Venetian patrician class. Beyond setting out the essential facts of Ermolao Barbaro’s life-story, Gareth Williams discusses how On Celibacy is set in counterpoise to the treatise On Marriage (1415) that was composed by Ermolao’s eminent grandfather, Francesco Barbaro. If the latter’s treatise was vitally concerned with the institution of marriage as a key factor in the safeguarding of family succession and the stability of patriciate participation in government at Venice, On Celibacy presents an alternative ideal whereby the celibate can proudly renounce civic life in the name of self-discovery and the pursuit of wisdom, his abilities simply unsuited to the rigors of civic life. On Celibacy is thus implicated in a much wider 15th-century debate about the claims of the contemplative as opposed to the active life – a debate that extends all the way back to Graeco-Roman antiquity.

From the award-winning author of "Angel of Death" comes a comprehensive and engaging narrative of mankind's battle against polio.
For much of the twentieth century, polio inspired terror as the 'morning paralysis' which could invade any home and disable or kill a previously healthy person. The cruelty of the disease is epitomised by the iconic images of the crippled child and the iron lung.
This is the story of mankind's struggle against polio, is compelling, exciting and full of twists and pardoxes. One of the grand challenges of modern medicine, it was a battleground between good and bad science. Some research won Nobel Prizes; other work was flawed or fraudulent, holding up progress and endangering patients' lives. Gareth Williams takes an original view of the journey to understanding and defeating polio, exploring the profoundly moving experiences of victims alongside the medical and scientific landmarks in the history of the disease.
Praise for "Angel of Death: "
'An engaging narrative, in which medical history is interweaved with social history and reflections on contemporary issues' "BBC History Magazine "
""
'Wonderful. Wonderfully-researched, vividly-written, an example of medical history at its absolute best."'" Michael Neve

The objects unearthed in 1939 from an Anglo-Saxon ship-burial at Sutton Hoo, Suffolk, rank among the most splendid treasures in the collection of the British Museum. Bringing together fine craftsmanship from England, Germany, Scandinavia, Alexandria and far Byzantium, the spectacular finds included gold and garnet jewellery, silverware, drinking vessels with silver-gilt fittings, a lyre and a sceptre, as well as the iconic helmet, all deliberately buried in the early seventh century as grave-goods for an important, though unidentified, warrior. The Sutton Hoo ship-burial was one of the most exciting discoveries ever made in British archaeology. This beautifully designed introduction to the treasure details the most significant pieces contained within it and explores the circumstances of its burial, discovery and excavation, as well as its lasting legacy and fame.

Ovid has long been celebrated for the versatility of his poetic imagination, the diversity of his generic experimentation throughout his long career, and his intimate engagement with the Greco-Roman literary tradition that precedes him; but what of his engagement with the philosophical tradition? Ovid's close familiarity with philosophical ideas and with specific philosophical texts has long been recognized, perhaps most prominently in the Pythagorean, Platonic, Empedoclean, and Lucretian shades that have been seen to color his Metamorphoses. This philosophical component has often been perceived as a feature implicated in, and subordinate to, Ovid's larger literary agenda, both pre- and post-exilic; and because of the controlling influence conceded to that literary impulse, readings of the philosophical dimension have often focused on the perceived distortion, ironizing, or parodying of the philosophical sources and ideas on which Ovid draws, as if his literary orientation inevitably compromises or qualifies a "serious" philosophical commitment. Philosophy in Ovid, Ovid as Philosopher counters this tendency by considering Ovid's seriousness of engagement with, and his possible critique of, the philosophical writings that inform his works. The book also questions the feasibility of separating out the categories of the "philosophical" and the "literary" in the first place, and explores the ways in which Ovid may offer unusual, controversial, or provocative reactions to received philosophical ideas. Finally, it investigates the case to be made for viewing the Ovidian corpus not just as a body of writings that are often philosophically inflected, but also as texts that may themselves be read as philosophically adventurous and experimental. The essays collected in this volume are intended at the individual level to address in new ways many aspects of Ovid's recourse to philosophy across his corpus. Collectively, however, they are also designed to redress what, in general terms, remains a significant lacuna in Ovidian studies.

Originally presented as papers in the 1991 British Sociological Association Conference on Health and Society, Locating Health represents a valuable addition to the 'health inequalities' debate by extending our gaze beyond the traditional locations to include place, consumption and lifestyle. It offers reconceptualization of key theoretical terms, including work, income, and public/private domains as well as addressing the reciprocal influence of health and social location, for example early retirement; and highlighting the health consequences of multiple locations, such as gender and class, gender and age.

Private Risk and Public Dangers is comprised of a collection of chapters which were originally papers presented in the 1991 British Sociological Association Conference on Health and Society, and they address a range of private risks and public dangers. Issues covered vary from the response to HIV and AIDS and 'foetal alcohol syndrome' to the nature of accidents. These seemingly diverse social situations within which emerges is that we need a more sociologically informed understanding of the personal shading the public dangers they are expected to manage.

Young children can have hours of fun playing two versions of the classic game of dominoes with this colourful set, suitable for 2-4 players. The attractive, sturdy box contains 28 large, wipe-clean domino cards, each with jungle animal pictures on one side and numbers on the other, and a 12-page book with clear, illustrated instructions explaining how to play. Children can master picture-match dominoes before progressing to matching numbers, making this game ideal for a range of ages.

Modern medicine is a powerful institution. With the help of highly developed drugs and surgical techniques, it promises to relieve suffering, improve the quality of life and extend the life-span. Conversely, it is expensive for the governments, insurance companies and individuals who pay for it and sometimes appears to be insensitive to the needs of those for whom it provides. And while recent restructuring of health care delivery services has provided medical practitioners with new challenges, there has been very little consideration of the range of pressures that they now face.
"Challenging Medicine" offers a lively re-appraisal of the current changes to the health service and analyses their effects on the status and practice of health professionals. It also provides original debate on the challenges posed from within medicine from nurses and managers and alternative practitioners, and from outside by self-help groups, the women's movement and the media.
Edited and written by experienced medical sociologists, "Challenging Medicine "will continue to provide a text for medical sociology students and for health care professionals in training and in practice.

Modern medicine is a powerful institution. With the help of highly developed drugs and surgical techniques, it promises to relieve suffering, improve the quality of life and extend the life-span. Conversely, it is expensive for the governments, insurance companies and individuals who pay for it and sometimes appears to be insensitive to the needs of those for whom it provides. And while recent restructuring of health care delivery services has provided medical practitioners with new challenges, there has been very little consideration of the range of pressures that they now face.
"Challenging Medicine" offers a lively re-appraisal of the current changes to the health service and analyses their effects on the status and practice of health professionals. It also provides original debate on the challenges posed from within medicine from nurses and managers and alternative practitioners, and from outside by self-help groups, the women's movement and the media.
Edited and written by experienced medical sociologists, "Challenging Medicine "will continue to provide a text for medical sociology students and for health care professionals in training and in practice.

In this book contributions by archaeologists and numismatists from six countries address different aspects of how silver was used in both Scandinavia and the wider Viking world during the 8th to 11th centuries AD. The volume brings together a combination of recent summaries and new work on silver and gold coinage, rings and bullion, which allow a better appreciation of the broader socioeconomic conditions of the Viking world. This is an indispensable source for all archaeologists, historians and numismatists involved in Viking Studies.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a major cause of disability affecting about 1% of the population. Although much effort has been expended on research into the causes and cures of RA, little progress has been made. The focus of treatment in RA is on reducing the disabling consequences of the disease and controlling the symptoms.
Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis examines the nature of RA and its symptoms of pain and stiffness. The role of health care professionals and the individual's encounters with the doctor are important to understand as these experiences influence the individual's behaviour and understanding of their RA.
This book will be an invaluable aid to the considerable number of people who suffer from rheumatoid arthritis, their families, carers and all health professionals involved in its treatment.

This study examines the different ways in which needs are assessed and health care is organized and delivered. These matters are considered in the light of rapid change in patterns of health and illness; also the relationships between purchasers, providers and users of health services; and finally, in the politics of health service organization and funding. Exploring alternative ways of studying the people's health, the authors review the relationships between lay and expert knowledge, and question whether this is a meaningful distinction when addressing public health issues. The book is aimed at professionals and academics, and should be of particular interest to people working in public health and health services.