This book was first published in 1977.

One of the principal characteristics of the European Neolithic is the development of monumentality in association with innovations in material culture and changes in subsistence from hunting and gathering to farming and pastoralism. The papers in this volume discuss the latest insights into why monumental architecture became an integral part of early farming societies in Europe and beyond. One of the topics is how we define monuments and how our arguments and recent research on temporality impacts on our interpretation of the Neolithic period. Different interpretations of Goebekli Tepe are examples of this discussion as well as our understanding of special landmarks such as flint mines. The latest evidence on the economic and paleoenvironmental context, carbon 14 dates as well as analytical methods are employed in illuminating the emergence of monumentalism in Neolithic Europe. Studies are taking place on a macro and micro scale in areas as diverse as Great Britain, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Germany, the Dutch wetlands, Portugal and Malta involving a range of monuments from long barrows and megalithic tombs to roundels and enclosures. Transformation from a natural to a built environment by monumentalizing part of the landscape is discussed as well as changes in megalithic architecture in relation to shifts in the social structure. An ethnographic study of megaliths in Nagaland discuss monument building as an act of social construction. Other studies look into the role of monuments as expressions of cosmology and active loci of ceremonial performances. Also, a couple of papers analyse the social processes in the transformation of society in the aftermath of the initial boom in monument construction and the related changes in subsistence and social structure in northern Europe. The aim of the publication is to explore different theories about the relationship between monumentality and the Neolithic way of life through these studies encompassing a wide range of types of monuments over vast areas of Europe and beyond.

A Retirement Gift for Women Who are Solo Agers"When it comes to aging, you can't count on your children, especially if you don't have any. But help is on the way." Harry R. Moody, Ph.D., retired Vice President for Academic Affairs, AARP Wall Street Journal Best Books of 2018 on Aging Well #1 Best Seller in Aging, Aging Parents, Gerontology, Volunteer Work, Budgeting & Money Management, Almanacs & Yearbooks, Eldercare, Retirement Planning , Parenting & Relationships, and Reference American Baby boomers are aging and fifteen million of them are childfree. Who will take care of them as they retire? Unprecedented in U.S. history, this demographic is creating challenges for these individuals as well as for society. Childless Solo Agers. In Essential Retirement Planning for Solo Agers, Sara Zeff Geber, a Ph.D. in Counseling and Human Behavior and a Certified Retirement Coach, coins the term "Solo Ager." Solo Agers are the segment of society that either does not have adult children or is single and expects be on their own as they grow older. A Happy retirement gift for women and men. With a compelling and readable style, Geber takes her Solo Ager readers on a journey toward happy retirement, starting with the choice to be childless and why so many boomers were able to make that decision. Through stories and narrative, she explores housing choices, relationships, and building a support system. Geber shares her expertise on what constitutes a fulfilling older life and how Solo Agers can maximize their opportunities for financial security, physical health, meaning and purpose in the second half of life. Learn about: Levels of care and independence Types of living arrangements End-of-life issues Legal and financial decisions If you have read Who Will Take Care of Me When I'm Old?, Aging Alone, or The Ultimate Retirement Guide for 50+ by Suze Orman, you will love Essential Retirement Planning for Solo Agers.

This book examines the interplay and tensions between hegemonic and counter-hegemonic language policy and processes in Tigray, a regional state of Ethiopia, in the period of pre- and post-1991. Viewing language use and language policy as dynamic social and ideological processes, the book presents Ethiopia as an example of language policy creation and implementation over time, in a highly volatile political context. The case of Ethiopia is unique in that different language policies and practices were put in place as the country's leaders changed through political takeovers. Declared language policies were not always implemented, and those implemented were often protested. The book starts with an overview and review of language policy and planning, followed by a chapter on the history of such planning in Ethiopia. It then presents the methodology used for the study, and examines the appropriation of hegemonic LPP, patterns of resistance, schools and public sites as centers of resistance, and the emergence and development of specific patterns of language use in different regions of the country. The book ends with recommendations for future research, and draws the overall conclusion that since LPP is a dynamic and multilayered contextual process, official or de facto language policy is often undermined by overt or covert unofficial language policies, ideologies, mechanisms, and agents that result in different patterns of language use.

This book describes the potential and challenges of cosmopolitanism from a philosophical and historical point of view. Through the prism of cosmopolitanism, this book considers how the recent surge in migration is affecting our current reality, while also taking stock of the contemporary potential of cosmopolitan ideas. It considers and compares the significance of religion and culture for the wider societal acceptance or rejection of refugees. Moreover, the book examines the European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence on immigration policies, non-refoulement, humanitarian law and gender. It presents empirically based research of a quantitative, qualitative and comparative nature regarding the determinants of attitudes towards cosmopolitanism and more generally concerning public opinion on migration issues, and reflects on conceptions of and attitudes towards citizenship, while also imagining new forms of citizenship. This book serves as a comprehensive overview and resource for migration scholars from the social sciences and the humanities, as well as students and other stakeholders in the fields of migration and human rights.

This book describes the potential and challenges of cosmopolitanism from a philosophical and historical point of view. Through the prism of cosmopolitanism, this book considers how the recent surge in migration is affecting our current reality, while also taking stock of the contemporary potential of cosmopolitan ideas. It considers and compares the significance of religion and culture for the wider societal acceptance or rejection of refugees. Moreover, the book examines the European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence on immigration policies, non-refoulement, humanitarian law and gender. It presents empirically based research of a quantitative, qualitative and comparative nature regarding the determinants of attitudes towards cosmopolitanism and more generally concerning public opinion on migration issues, and reflects on conceptions of and attitudes towards citizenship, while also imagining new forms of citizenship. This book serves as a comprehensive overview and resource for migration scholars from the social sciences and the humanities, as well as students and other stakeholders in the fields of migration and human rights.

Written by the leading experts in the field, this book examines the evolutionary advantages of gender dimorphism and sexual dimorphism in flowering plants. Divided into three sections: the first introduces readers to the tremendous variety of breeding systems and their evolution in plants and sets the stage for a consideration of the evolution of dimorphism in reproductive and non-reproductive characters. The second section deals with the evolution of secondary sexual characters, including the theory related to the evolution of sexual dimorphism and its empirical patterns, while the last section deals with the genetics of gender expression and of secondary sexual characters.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th Brazilian Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, SBIA 2002, held in Porto de Galinhas/Recife, Brazil in November 2002.The 39 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 146 submissions from 18 countries. the papers are organized in topical sections on theoretical and logical methods, autonomous agents and multi-agent systems, machine learning, knowledge discovery and data mining, evolutionary computation and artificial life, uncertainty, and natural language processing.

Written by the leading experts in the field, this book examines the evolutionary advantages of gender dimorphism - the occurence of two sexual forms - and sexual dimorphism - dimorphism in secondary sex characters - in flowering plants. Gender dimorphism is found in approximately 10% of flowering plant species and has been an active topic of research. By contrast, sexual dimorphism in plants is much less widely appreciated. The book consists of three sections: The first introduces readers to the tremendous variety of breeding systems and their evolution in plants and sets the stage for a consideration of the evolution of dimorphism in reproductive and non-reproductive characters. The second section deals with the evolution of secondary sexual characters, including the theory related to the evolution of sexual dimorphism and its empirical patterns. The last section deals with the genetics of gender expression and of secondary sexual characters.

One consequence of development has been that large numbers of people have been displaced from their land - the editors provide an analysis of such population displacements in Ethiopia in the context of other causes of movement, such as drought and conflict. Development worldwide has increasingly involved displacement. Ethiopia is no exception; population displacement resulting from development as well as conflict, drought and conservation has been on the increase since the 1960s. Therecent history of conflict in the Horn of Africa has led to large-scale population movements of refugees, returnees, internally displaced groups and demobilized soldiers. The context of drought and food insecurity in the mid-1980s and again in the early 2000s added a further rationale and impetus for organizing state-led resettlement programmes. This book brings together for the first time studies of the different types of development, conflict and drought induced displacement in Ethiopia, and analyses the conceptual, methodological and experiential similarities, overlaps and differences between these various forms. ALULA PANKHURST is an independent researcher anda member of the Forum for Social Studies; FRANCOIS PIGUET is a lecturer on the masters course of Advanced Studies in Humanitarian Action at the Geneva University Published in association with the Centre Francais des Etudes Ethiopiennes (CFEE)

With one million dead, and just as many forced to emigrate, the Irish Famine (1845-52) is among the worst health calamities in history. Because historical records of the Victorian period in Ireland were generally written by the middle and upper classes, relatively little has been known about those who suffered the most, the poor and destitute. But in 2006, archaeologists excavated an until then completely unknown intramural mass burial containing the remains of nearly 1,000 Kilkenny Union Workhouse inmates. In the first bioarchaeological study of Great Famine victims, Jonny Geber uses skeletal analysis to tell the story of how and why the Famine decimated the lowest levels of nineteenth century Irish society.Seeking help at the workhouse was an act of desperation by people who were severely malnourished and physically exhausted. Overcrowded, it turned into a hotspot of infectious disease--as did many other union workhouses in Ireland during the Famine. Geber reveals how medical officers struggled to keep people alive, as evidenced by cases of amputations but also craniotomies. Still, mortality rates increased and the city cemeteries filled up, until there was eventually no choice but to resort to intramural burials. Deceased inmates were buried in shrouds and coffins--an attempt by the Board of Guardians of the workhouse to maintain a degree of dignity towards these victims. By examining the physical conditions of the inmates that might have contributed to their institutionalization, as well as to the resulting health consequences, Geber sheds new and unprecedented light on Ireland's Great Hunger.

This Is A New Release Of The Original 1600 Edition.