LIFE, ART, AND LETTERS OF GEORGE INNESS BY GEORGE INNESS, Jr. ILLUSTRATED WITH PORTRAITS AND MANY REPRODUCTIONS OF PAINTINGS WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY ELLIOTT DAINGERFIBLD NEW YORK THE CENTURY CO. 1917 Copyright, 1917, by THE CENTCTRY Co. Published, October, 1917 GEORGE INNBSS Painted by Goorgo I DEDICATE THIS BOOK TO MY DEAR WIFE JULIA GOODRICH INNESS WHO HAS FILLED MY LIFE WITH HAPPINESS AND WHOSE HELP AND COUNSEL HAVE MADE THIS WORK POSSIBLE PREFACE What I would like to give you is George Inness as he was, as he talked, as he lived not what I saw in him or how I interpreted him, but him and hav ing given you all I can remember of what he said and did I want you to form your own opinion. My story shall be a simple rendering of facts as I remember them in other words, I will put the pig ment on the canvas and leave it to you to form the picture. INNESS, JE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge the courtesy of the follow ing persons and institutions who have been of great assistance in furnishing me with the material for this book Mrs, J. Scott Hartley, Mr. James W. Ells worth, Mr. Thomas B. Clarke, Mr. Victor Harris, Mr. Martin A. Byerson and Mr Ralph Cudney The Metropolitan Museum of Art and M. Knoedler Co., New York City, The Art Institute of Chicago. I wish also to make acknowledgment of the services of my friend, Leize R. Godwin, whose wise counsel has made the task of writing this book a pleasure INTRODUCTION Biography is always interesting when true, and valuable in the same degree. It takes on a new char acter when written by oneself in the form of mem oirs, yet is seldom fully successful, because of the hu man temptation to suppress real and interesting facts, or, whensufficient effrontery or courage if it be courage exists to tell everything, the reader is likely to be offended, even if interested. In this way the memoirs of Cellini might have been more valuable, though less interesting, if another had set down the truths of this mans inner life and char acter. It is almost, if not quite, impossible for one to analyze ones own soul and write out for public gaze the secrets hidden there. It shocks the sensitive spirit and creates a wound not to be borne therefore, as it seems to me, all biography treads the broad high way of external facts and passing events, leaving the deep, still pools, which reflect all the spiritual and emotional being, untroubled. In this condition of things we must be content with what we can get, being assured that whatever we can preserve of the life and XX INTRODUCTION impulses of a great man will be of value to the world. It does not follow that intimacy gives one the privi lege of interpretation, but at least it assures us a measure of truth, which increases its richness in the proportion of sympathy brought to the task, because sympathy begets insight. Without sympathy vir tually all observation is blind, and no one quality in mans nature is so potent in removing the scales from true vision. We do not know what we should have had if George Inness had written his own biography. Ec centric it certainly would have been, with slight at tention paid to those externals which are of interest to the general reader for he was the most impersonal of men. He was never interested in himself as a man, though he was interested in the artistic man He believed in himself as an artist very profoundly, and his mind, which was most alert, was ever ddv ing into or solving problems connected with what he called the principles of painting. Of this sort of thing we should have had a great deal, more indeed than any of us could have understood, because he was not always coherent. To himself his reasoning was very clear indeed, he valued the results of these men tal debates greatly, many times writing them down. What has become of these writings I do not know, but no doubt they were written in such a vagrant, Ks zii INTRODUCTION jointed way that they could not be pieced together by another...

"During the last two decades, research on structural optimization became increasingly concerned with two aspects: the application of general numeri- cal methods of optimization to structural design of complex real structures, and the analytical derivation of necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimality of broad classes of comparatively simple and more or less ideal- ized structures. Both kinds of research are important: the first for obvious reasons; the second, because it furnishes information that is useful in testing the validity, accuracy and convergence of numerical methods and in assess- ing the efficiency of practical designs. " (Prager and Rozvany, 1977a) The unexpected death of William Prager in March 1980 marked, in a sense, the end of an era in structural mechanics, but his legacy of ideas will re- main a source of inspiration for generations of researchers to come. Since his nominal retirement in the early seventies, Professor and Mrs. Prager lived in Savognin, an isolated alpine village and ski resort surrounded by some of Switzerland's highest mountains. It was there that the author's close as- sociation with Prager developed through annual pilgrimages from Australia and lengthy discussions which pivoted on Prager's favourite topic of struc- tural optimization. These exchanges took place in the picturesque setting of Graubunden, on the terrace of an alpine restaurant overlooking snow-capped peaks, on ski-lifts or mountain walks, or during evening meals in the cosy hotels of Savognin, Parsonz and Riom.

Topology optimization of structures and composite materials is a new and rapidly expanding field of mechanics which now plays an ever-increasing role in most branches of technology, such as aerospace, mechanical, structural, civil and ma terials engineering, with important implications for energy production as well as building and environmental sciences. It is a truly "high-tech" field which requires advanced computer facilities and computational methods, whilst involving unusual theoretical considerations in pure mathematics. Topology optimization deals with some of the most difficult problems of mechanical sciences, but it is also of consid erable practical interest because it can achieve much greater savings than conven tional (sizing or shape) optimization. Extensive research into topology optimization is being carried out in most of the developed countries of the world. The workshop addressed the state of the art of the field, bringing together re searchers from a diversity of backgrounds (mathematicians, information scientists, aerospace, automotive, mechanical, structural and civil engineers) to span the full breadth and depth of the field and to outline future developments in research and avenues of cooperation between NATO and Partner countries. The program cov ered * theoretical (mathematical) developments, * computer algorithms, software development and computational difficulties, and * practical applications in various fields of technology. A novel feature of the workshop was that, in addition to shorter discussions after each lecture, a 30 minutes panel discussion took place in each sesssion, which made this ARW highly interactive and more informal.

The book covers new developments in structural topology optimization. Basic features and limitations of Michell's truss theory, its extension to a broader class of support conditions, generalizations of truss topology optimization, and Michell continua are reviewed. For elastic bodies, the layout problems in linear elasticity are discussed and the method of relaxation by homogenization is outlined. The classical problem of free material design is shown to be reducible to a locking material problem, even in the multiload case. For structures subjected to dynamic loads, it is explained how they can be designed so that the structural eigenfrequencies of vibration are as far away as possible from a prescribed external excitation frequency (or a band of excitation frequencies) in order to avoid resonance phenomena with high vibration and noise levels. For diffusive and convective transport processes and multiphysics problems, applications of the density method are discussed. In order to take uncertainty in material parameters, geometry, and operating conditions into account, techniques of reliability-based design optimization are introduced and reviewed for their applicability to topology optimization.

"During the last two decades, research on structural optimization became increasingly concerned with two aspects: the application of general numeri- cal methods of optimization to structural design of complex real structures, and the analytical derivation of necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimality of broad classes of comparatively simple and more or less ideal- ized structures. Both kinds of research are important: the first for obvious reasons; the second, because it furnishes information that is useful in testing the validity, accuracy and convergence of numerical methods and in assess- ing the efficiency of practical designs. " (Prager and Rozvany, 1977a) The unexpected death of William Prager in March 1980 marked, in a sense, the end of an era in structural mechanics, but his legacy of ideas will re- main a source of inspiration for generations of researchers to come. Since his nominal retirement in the early seventies, Professor and Mrs. Prager lived in Savognin, an isolated alpine village and ski resort surrounded by some of Switzerland's highest mountains. It was there that the author's close as- sociation with Prager developed through annual pilgrimages from Australia and lengthy discussions which pivoted on Prager's favourite topic of struc- tural optimization. These exchanges took place in the picturesque setting of Graubunden, on the terrace of an alpine restaurant overlooking snow-capped peaks, on ski-lifts or mountain walks, or during evening meals in the cosy hotels of Savognin, Parsonz and Riom.

Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on Structural Optimization, Melbourne, Australia, February 9-13, 1988

Topology optimization of structures and composite materials is a new and rapidly expanding field of mechanics which now plays an ever-increasing role in most branches of technology, such as aerospace, mechanical, structural, civil and ma terials engineering, with important implications for energy production as well as building and environmental sciences. It is a truly "high-tech" field which requires advanced computer facilities and computational methods, whilst involving unusual theoretical considerations in pure mathematics. Topology optimization deals with some of the most difficult problems of mechanical sciences, but it is also of consid erable practical interest because it can achieve much greater savings than conven tional (sizing or shape) optimization. Extensive research into topology optimization is being carried out in most of the developed countries of the world. The workshop addressed the state of the art of the field, bringing together re searchers from a diversity of backgrounds (mathematicians, information scientists, aerospace, automotive, mechanical, structural and civil engineers) to span the full breadth and depth of the field and to outline future developments in research and avenues of cooperation between NATO and Partner countries. The program cov ered * theoretical (mathematical) developments, * computer algorithms, software development and computational difficulties, and * practical applications in various fields of technology. A novel feature of the workshop was that, in addition to shorter discussions after each lecture, a 30 minutes panel discussion took place in each sesssion, which made this ARW highly interactive and more informal.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Catalogue Of Paintings-- By The Late-- George Inness, N.A.: On Free Exhibition From Saturday, February 2d At The Fifth Avenue Art Galleries ...: The Sale Will Take Place In-- Chickering Hall-- Fifth Ave. ... Tuesday, Wednesday And Thursday Evenings, February 12th, 13th And 14th At Eight O'clock Robert Somerville (Firm), George Inness, Ortgies & Co, Fifth Avenue Art Galleries (New York, N.Y.), Chickering Hall (New York, N.Y.) Robert Somerville, 1895 Art; American; General; Art / American / General; Art / Techniques / Painting; Landscape painting, American; Painting; Painting, American; Painting, Modern

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone!

This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone!

LIFE, ART, AND LETTERS OF GEORGE INNESS BY GEORGE INNESS, Jr. ILLUSTRATED WITH PORTRAITS AND MANY REPRODUCTIONS OF PAINTINGS WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY ELLIOTT DAINGERFIBLD NEW YORK THE CENTURY CO. 1917 Copyright, 1917, by THE CENTCTRY Co. Published, October, 1917 GEORGE INNBSS Painted by Goorgo I DEDICATE THIS BOOK TO MY DEAR WIFE JULIA GOODRICH INNESS WHO HAS FILLED MY LIFE WITH HAPPINESS AND WHOSE HELP AND COUNSEL HAVE MADE THIS WORK POSSIBLE PREFACE What I would like to give you is George Inness as he was, as he talked, as he lived not what I saw in him or how I interpreted him, but him and hav ing given you all I can remember of what he said and did I want you to form your own opinion. My story shall be a simple rendering of facts as I remember them in other words, I will put the pig ment on the canvas and leave it to you to form the picture. INNESS, JE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge the courtesy of the follow ing persons and institutions who have been of great assistance in furnishing me with the material for this book Mrs, J. Scott Hartley, Mr. James W. Ells worth, Mr. Thomas B. Clarke, Mr. Victor Harris, Mr. Martin A. Byerson and Mr Ralph Cudney The Metropolitan Museum of Art and M. Knoedler Co., New York City, The Art Institute of Chicago. I wish also to make acknowledgment of the services of my friend, Leize R. Godwin, whose wise counsel has made the task of writing this book a pleasure INTRODUCTION Biography is always interesting when true, and valuable in the same degree. It takes on a new char acter when written by oneself in the form of mem oirs, yet is seldom fully successful, because of the hu man temptation to suppress real and interesting facts, or, whensufficient effrontery or courage if it be courage exists to tell everything, the reader is likely to be offended, even if interested. In this way the memoirs of Cellini might have been more valuable, though less interesting, if another had set down the truths of this mans inner life and char acter. It is almost, if not quite, impossible for one to analyze ones own soul and write out for public gaze the secrets hidden there. It shocks the sensitive spirit and creates a wound not to be borne therefore, as it seems to me, all biography treads the broad high way of external facts and passing events, leaving the deep, still pools, which reflect all the spiritual and emotional being, untroubled. In this condition of things we must be content with what we can get, being assured that whatever we can preserve of the life and XX INTRODUCTION impulses of a great man will be of value to the world. It does not follow that intimacy gives one the privi lege of interpretation, but at least it assures us a measure of truth, which increases its richness in the proportion of sympathy brought to the task, because sympathy begets insight. Without sympathy vir tually all observation is blind, and no one quality in mans nature is so potent in removing the scales from true vision. We do not know what we should have had if George Inness had written his own biography. Ec centric it certainly would have been, with slight at tention paid to those externals which are of interest to the general reader for he was the most impersonal of men. He was never interested in himself as a man, though he was interested in the artistic man He believed in himself as an artist very profoundly, and his mind, which was most alert, was ever ddv ing into or solving problems connected with what he called the principles of painting. Of this sort of thing we should have had a great deal, more indeed than any of us could have understood, because he was not always coherent. To himself his reasoning was very clear indeed, he valued the results of these men tal debates greatly, many times writing them down. What has become of these writings I do not know, but no doubt they were written in such a vagrant, Ks zii INTRODUCTION jointed way that they could not be pieced together by another...

G.I.N. Rozvany ASI Director, Professor of Structural Design, FB 10, Essen University, Essen, Germany Structural optimization deals with the optimal design of all systems that consist, at least partially, of solids and are subject to stresses and deformations. This inte­ grated discipline plays an increasingly important role in all branches of technology, including aerospace, structural, mechanical, civil and chemical engineering as well as energy generation and building technology. In fact, the design of most man­ made objects, ranging from space-ships and long-span bridges to tennis rackets and artificial organs, can be improved considerably if human intuition is enhanced by means of computer-aided, systematic decisions. In analysing highly complex structural systems in practice, discretization is un­ avoidable because closed-form analytical solutions are only available for relatively simple, idealized problems. To keep discretization errors to a minimum, it is de­ sirable to use a relatively large number of elements. Modern computer technology enables us to analyse systems with many thousand degrees of freedom. In the optimization of structural systems, however, most currently available methods are restricted to at most a few hundred variables or a few hundred active constraints.