Hydrogels are a fascinating class of polymers which show an immense ability of swelling under the influence of temperature, pH value or concentrations of different species in aqueous solutions. The volume change can amount up to several hundred percent. This unique behaviour is already used in such applications like disposable diapers, contact lenses or drug-delivery systems.

The ability to perform mechanical work has been shifted the technical interest more and more towards sensors and actuators exploiting the thermo-chemo-mechano-electrical coupling within hydrogels. The accuracy requirements for such devices are much more demanding than for previous applications. Therefore, a deep knowledge of both the material and the functional properties of hydrogel sensors and actuators is needed. The monograph describes state of the art and recent developments for these materials in sensor and actuator technology.

This book discusses future trends and developments in electron device packaging and the opportunities of nano and bio techniques as future solutions. It describes theeffect of nano-sized particles and cell-based approaches for packaging solutions with their diverse requirements. It offers a comprehensive overview of nano particles and nano composites and theirapplication aspackaging functions in electron devices. The importance and challenges of three-dimensional design and computer modeling in nano packaging is discussed; alsoways for implementation are described. Solutions for unconventional packaging solutions for metallizations and functionalized surfaces as well as new packaging technologies with high potential for industrial applications are discussed. The book brings together a comprehensive overview of nano scale components and systems comprising electronic, mechanical and optical structures and serves as important reference for industrial and academic researchers."

This book discusses future trends and developments in electron device packaging and the opportunities of nano and bio techniques as future solutions. It describes the effect of nano-sized particles and cell-based approaches for packaging solutions with their diverse requirements. It offers a comprehensive overview of nano particles and nano composites and their application as packaging functions in electron devices. The importance and challenges of three-dimensional design and computer modeling in nano packaging is discussed; also ways for implementation are described. Solutions for unconventional packaging solutions for metallizations and functionalized surfaces as well as new packaging technologies with high potential for industrial applications are discussed. The book brings together a comprehensive overview of nano scale components and systems comprising electronic, mechanical and optical structures and serves as important reference for industrial and academic researchers.

Hydrogels are a fascinating class of polymers which show an immense ability of swelling under the influence of temperature, pH value or concentrations of different species in aqueous solutions. The volume change can amount up to several hundred percent. This unique behaviour is already used in such applications like disposable diapers, contact lenses or drug-delivery systems.

The ability to perform mechanical work has been shifted the technical interest more and more towards sensors and actuators exploiting the thermo-chemo-mechano-electrical coupling within hydrogels. The accuracy requirements for such devices are much more demanding than for previous applications. Therefore, a deep knowledge of both the material and the functional properties of hydrogel sensors and actuators is needed. The monograph describes state of the art and recent developments for these materials in sensor and actuator technology.

Pyrometrie und Thermografie Die Thermografie ist ein bildgebendes Verfahren, um Oberflächentemperaturen von Objekten anzuzeigen. Dies erfolgt, indem man die Intensität der Infrarotstrahlung, die von einem bestimmten Punkt ausgeht, misst und daraus die dort herrschende Temperatur berechnet. Als Messgeräte dazu werden Thermografie-Kameras verwendet. Wird die Temperatur nur an einem Punkt gemessen, spricht man von Pyrometrie, die entsprechenden Geräte werden als Pyrometer bezeichnet. Die berührungslose Temperaturmessung ist überall dort von großem Interesse, wo hohe Temperaturen auftreten, harsche Bedingungen herrschen oder der Messort nicht erreicht werden kann. Das ist zum Beispiel in der Prozessmesstechnik, in Gießereien und Stahlwerken oder der Überwachung von brandanfälligen Umgebungen (Wälder, Müllplätze) der Fall. Das Buch wendet sich an alle, die Pyrometer und Thermografie-Kameras nutzen und typischerweise mit den zu überwachenden Prozessen vertraut sind, aber oft nicht mit der einzusetzenden Messtechnik. Deshalb fokussiert es auf die Anwendung von Pyrometern und Thermografie-Kameras und macht auf übersichtliche Weise mit den Grundlagen, den Fehlereinflüssen, den Grenzen hinsichtlich der thermischen, zeitlichen und räumlichen Auflösung und der erreichbaren Messgenauigkeit vertraut.