This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 20th and 21st International Conference on Formal Grammar 2015 and 2016, collocated with the European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information in August 2015/2016. The 19 revised full papers presented together with 2 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 34 submissions. The focus of papers are as follows: Formal and computational phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics Model-theoretic and proof-theoretic methods in linguistics Logical aspects of linguistic structure Constraint-based and resource-sensitive approaches to grammar Learnability of formal grammar Integration of stochastic and symbolic models of grammar Foundational, methodological and architectural issues in grammar and linguistics Mathematical foundations of statistical approaches to linguistic analysis

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 17th and 18th International Conference on Formal Grammar 2012 and 2013, collocated with the European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information in August 2012/2013. The 18 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 27 submissions. The focus of papers are as follows: formal and computational phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics; model-theoretic and proof-theoretic methods in linguistics; logical aspects of linguistic structure; constraint-based and resource-sensitive approaches to grammar; learnability of formal grammar; integration of stochastic and symbolic models of grammar; foundational, methodological and architectural issues in grammar and linguistics, and mathematical foundations of statistical approaches to linguistic analysis.

Thisvolumecontainstheproceedingsofthe4thInternationalConferenceonL- icalAspectsofComputationalLinguistics, heldJune27 29,2001inLeCroisic, France. TheLACLconferencesaimtoprovideaforumforthepresentationand discussionofcurrentresearchinalltheformalandlogicalaspectsofcompu- tionallinguistics. Theprogramcommitteeselected16papersfromsubmissionsofoverallhigh quality. Thepaperscoverawiderangeoftopics, includingcategorialgrammars, dependency grammars, formal languagetheory, grammaticalinference, hyp- intensionalsemantics, minimalism, andtype-logicalsemantics, byauthorsfrom Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, TheNetherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, UnitedKingdom, andUSA. M. Moortgat (Universiteit Utrecht), G. K. Pullum (University of Calif- nia, Santa Cruz), and M. Steedman (University of Edinburgh) presented - vitedtalks, on StructuralEquationsinLanguageLearning, OntheDisti- tion between Model-Theoretic and Generative-Enumerative Syntactic Fra- works, and ReconcilingType-LogicalandCombinatoryExtensionsofCate- rialGrammar respectively. Wewouldliketothankallthepeoplewhomadethis4thLACLpossible: the programcommittee, theexternalreviewers, theorganizationcommittee, andthe LACLsponsors. April2001 PhilippedeGroote &GlynMorrill Organization ProgramCommittee W. Buszkowski(Poznan) M. Kanazawa(Tokyo) R. Crouch, (PaloAlto) G. Morrill, co-chair(Barcelona) A. Dikovsky(Nantes) R. Muskens(Tilburg) M. Dymetman(Grenoble) F. Pfenning(Pittsburgh) C. Gardent(Nancy) B. Rounds, (AnnArbor) Ph. deGroote, co-chair(Nancy) E. Stabler(LosAngeles) OrganizingCommittee B. Daille(Nantes) C. Piliere, publicitychair(Nancy) A. Dikovsky(Nantes) C. Retore, chair(Rennes) A. Foret(Rennes) P. Sebillot(Rennes) E. Lebret(Rennes) AdditionalReferees J. -M. Andreoli T. HollowayKing J. Marciniec P. Blackburn M. Kandulski J. -Y. Marion C. Brun F. Lamarche G. Perrier TableofContents InvitedTalks StructuralEquationsinLanguageLearning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 MichaelMoortgat OntheDistinctionbetweenModel-TheoreticandGenerative-Enumerative SyntacticFrameworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Geo?reyK. Pullum, BarbaraC. Scholz ContributedPapers AFormalDe?nitionofBottom-UpEmbeddedPush-DownAutomataand TheirTabulationTechnique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 MiguelA. Alonso, EricdelaClergerie, ManuelVilares AnAlgebraicApproachtoFrenchSentenceStructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 DanieleBargelli, JoachimLambek DeductiveParsingofVisualLanguages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 PaoloBottoni, BerndMeyer, KimMarriott, FrancescoParisiPresicce LambekGrammarsBasedonPregroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 WojciechBuszkowski AnAlgebraicAnalysisofCliticPronounsinItalian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 ClaudiaCasadio, JoachimLambek Consistent Identi?cation in the Limit of Any of the Classes k-Valued Is NP-hard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 ChristopheCostaFlor encio PolarizedNon-projectiveDependencyGrammars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 AlexanderDikovsky OnMixingDeductionandSubstitutioninLambekCategorialGrammars. . 158 AnnieForet A Framework for the Hyperintensional Semantics of Natural Language withTwoImplementations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 ChrisFox, ShalomLappin ACharacterizationofMinimalistLanguages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 HenkHarkema VIII TableofContents PartofSpeechTaggingfromaLogicalPointofView. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Torbjorn ] Lager, JoakimNivre TransformingLinearContext FreeRewritingSystemsintoMinimalist Grammars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 JensMichaelis RecognizingHeadMovement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 EdwardP. Stabler CombinatorsforParaconsistentAttitudes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 JorgenVilladsen Combining Syntax and Pragmatic Knowledge for the Understanding of SpontaneousSpokenSentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 JeanneVillaneau, Jean-YvesAntoine, OlivierRidoux AtomicityofSomeCategoriallyPolyvalentModi?ers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 R. Zuber AuthorIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Structural Equations in Language Learning Michael Moortgat UtrechtInstituteofLinguistics OTS Trans10,3512JKUtrecht, TheNetherlands Michael. Moortgat@let. uu. nl Abstract. Incategorialsystemswitha?xedstructuralcomponent, the learningproblemcomesdownto?ndingthesolutionforasetofty- assignmentequations. Ahard-wiredstructuralcomponentisproblematic ifonewanttoaddressissuesofstructuralvariation. Ourstartingpointis atype-logicalarchitecturewithseparatemodulesforthelogicalandthe structural components of the computati

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 19 International Conference on Formal Grammar 2014, collocated with the European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information in August 2014. The 10 revised full papers presented together with 2 invited contributions were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 19 submissions. Traditionally linguistics has been studied from the point of view of the arts, humanities and letters, but in order to make concrete ideas which might otherwise be fanciful the study of grammar has been increasingly subject to the rigours of computer science and mathematization i.e. articulation in the language of science.