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Studies of the evolution of animal signals and sensory behaviour
have more recently shifted from considering 'extrinsic'
(environmental) determinants to 'intrinsic' (physiological) ones.
The drive behind this change has been the increasing availability
of neural network models. With contributions from experts in the
field, this book provides a complete survey of artificial neural
networks. The book opens with two broad, introductory level reviews
on the themes of the book: neural networks as tools to explore the
nature of perceptual mechanisms, and neural networks as models of
perception in ecology and evolutionary biology. Later chapters
expand on these themes and address important methodological issues
when applying artificial neural networks to study perception. The
final chapter provides perspective by introducing a neural
processing system in a real animal. The book provides the
foundations for implementing artificial neural networks, for those
new to the field, along with identifying potential research areas
for specialists.
Written primarily for students embarking on an undergraduate
bioscience degree, this primer provides an accessible,
straightforward, and approachable guide to data presentation using
R. It offers valuable and widely applicable advice on how to choose
the most appropriate type of graph for different types of data, and
guides readers from the basics of plotting clear figures to
producing polished and effective visuals, illustrating the core
concepts and features of excellent graphing. This primer uses
simple and engaging biology-based example data sets to take readers
from the essential aspects of basic plots to more advanced graphing
techniques and details. Digital formats and resources The book is
available for students and institutions to purchase in a variety of
formats, and is supported by online resources: - The e-book offers
a mobile experience and convenient access along with functionality
tools, navigation features, and links that offer extra learning
support: www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/ebooks - Online resources
include extended supplementary resources to guide use of R,
multiple choice questions for students to check their
understanding, and, for registered adopters, figures and tables
from the book
The careful design of experiments lies at the core of good
research. Experimental Design for the Life Sciences equips you with
the skills you need to effectively design experiments, making this
essential aspect of the research process readily understandable. It
demonstrates how good experimental design relies on clear thinking
and biological understanding, not mathematical or statistical
complexity. With a refreshingly approachable and articulate style,
the book walks you through the considerations that go into
designing an experiment in clear, practical terms. Using examples
drawn from across the life sciences - from ecology, biochemistry,
molecular biology, genetics, and health sciences - the authors
illustrate how these concepts are applied within the broad context
of real biological research. Online Resource Centre The Online
Resource centre to accompany Experimental Design for the Life
Sciences features: For students: * Self-test questions and answers
* Additional examples * Supplementary sections discuss complex
concepts and statistical issues in more depth * Links to useful
websites and free software For lecturers: * Suggested course
structures, complete with practical exercises * Figures from the
book, available to download
Communication is an essential factor underpinning the interactions
between species and the structure of their communities.
Plant-animal interactions are particularly diverse due to the
complex nature of their mutualistic and antagonistic relationships.
However the evolution of communication and the underlying
mechanisms responsible remain poorly understood.
Plant-Animal Communication is a timely summary of the latest
research and ideas on the ecological and evolutionary foundations
of communication between plants and animals, including discussions
of fundamental concepts such as deception, reliability, and
camouflage. It introduces how the sensory world of animals shapes
the various modes of communication employed, laying out the basics
of vision, scent, acoustic, and gustatory communication. Subsequent
chapters discuss how plants communicate in these sensory modes to
attract animals to facilitate seed dispersal, pollination, and
carnivory, and how they communicate to defend themselves against
herbivores. Potential avenues for productive theoretical and
empirical research are clearly identified, and suggestions for
novel empirical approaches to the study of communication in general
are outlined.
Written primarily for mid-to-upper level undergraduates, this
compelling introduction to power analysis in a biological context
offers a clear, conceptual understanding of the factors that
influence statistical power, and emphasises the importance of high
power in experiments. It also explains how to improve the power of
an experiment and offers guidance on how to present the outcomes of
power analyses to justify experimental design decisions. Digital
formats and resources The book is available for students and
institutions to purchase in a variety of formats, and is supported
by online resources: * The e-book offers a mobile experience and
convenient access along with functionality tools, navigation
features, and links that offer extra learning support:
www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/ebooks * Online resources include
multiple choice questions for students to check their
understanding, and, for registered adopters, figures and tables
from the book
Circular Statistics in R provides the most comprehensive guide to
the analysis of circular data in over a decade. Circular data arise
in many scientific contexts whether it be angular directions such
as: observed compass directions of departure of radio-collared
migratory birds from a release point; bond angles measured in
different molecules; wind directions at different times of year at
a wind farm; direction of stress-fractures in concrete bridge
supports; longitudes of earthquake epicentres or seasonal and daily
activity patterns, for example: data on the times of day at which
animals are caught in a camera trap, or in 911 calls in New York,
or in internet traffic; variation throughout the year in measles
incidence, global energy requirements, TV viewing figures or
injuries to athletes. The natural way of representing such data
graphically is as points located around the circumference of a
circle, hence their name. Importantly, circular variables are
periodic in nature and the origin, or zero point, such as the
beginning of a new year, is defined arbitrarily rather than
necessarily emerging naturally from the system. This book will be
of value both to those new to circular data analysis as well as
those more familiar with the field. For beginners, the authors
start by considering the fundamental graphical and numerical
summaries used to represent circular data before introducing
distributions that might be used to model them. They go on to
discuss basic forms of inference such as point and interval
estimation, as well as formal significance tests for hypotheses
that will often be of scientific interest. When discussing model
fitting, the authors advocate reduced reliance on the classical von
Mises distribution; showcasing distributions that are capable of
modelling features such as asymmetry and varying levels of kurtosis
that are often exhibited by circular data. The use of
likelihood-based and computer-intensive approaches to inference and
modelling are stressed throughout the book. The R programming
language is used to implement the methodology, particularly its
"circular" package. Also provided are over 150 new functions for
techniques not already covered within R. This concise but
authoritative guide is accessible to the diverse range of
scientists who have circular data to analyse and want to do so as
easily and as effectively as possible.
Communication is an essential factor underpinning the interactions
between species and the structure of their communities.
Plant-animal interactions are particularly diverse due to the
complex nature of their mutualistic and antagonistic relationships.
However the evolution of communication and the underlying
mechanisms responsible remain poorly understood.
Plant-Animal Communication is a timely summary of the latest
research and ideas on the ecological and evolutionary foundations
of communication between plants and animals, including discussions
of fundamental concepts such as deception, reliability, and
camouflage. It introduces how the sensory world of animals shapes
the various modes of communication employed, laying out the basics
of vision, scent, acoustic, and gustatory communication. Subsequent
chapters discuss how plants communicate in these sensory modes to
attract animals to facilitate seed dispersal, pollination, and
carnivory, and how they communicate to defend themselves against
herbivores. Potential avenues for productive theoretical and
empirical research are clearly identified, and suggestions for
novel empirical approaches to the study of communication in general
are outlined.
Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey
avoid predator attacks and explores how such defensive mechanisms
have evolved through natural selection. It considers how potential
prey avoid detection, how they make themselves unprofitable to
attack, how they communicate this status, and how other species
have exploited these signals. Using carefully selected examples of
camouflage, mimicry, and warning signals drawn from a wide range of
species and ecosystems, the authors summarise the latest research
into these fascinating adaptations, developing mathematical models
where appropriate and making recommendations for future study. This
second edition has been extensively rewritten, particularly in the
application of modern genetic research techniques which have
transformed our recent understanding of adaptations in evolutionary
genomics and phylogenetics. The book also employs a more integrated
and systematic approach, ensuring that each chapter has a broader
focus on the evolutionary and ecological consequences of
anti-predator adaptation. The field has grown and developed
considerably over the last decade with an explosion of new research
literature, making this new edition timely.
Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey
avoid predator attacks and explores how such defensive mechanisms
have evolved through natural selection. It considers how potential
prey avoid detection, how they make themselves unprofitable to
attack, how they communicate this status, and how other species
have exploited these signals. Using carefully selected examples of
camouflage, mimicry, and warning signals drawn from a wide range of
species and ecosystems, the authors summarise the latest research
into these fascinating adaptations, developing mathematical models
where appropriate and making recommendations for future study. This
second edition has been extensively rewritten, particularly in the
application of modern genetic research techniques which have
transformed our recent understanding of adaptations in evolutionary
genomics and phylogenetics. The book also employs a more integrated
and systematic approach, ensuring that each chapter has a broader
focus on the evolutionary and ecological consequences of
anti-predator adaptation. The field has grown and developed
considerably over the last decade with an explosion of new research
literature, making this new edition timely.
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