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While the ideologies of Territorialism and Zionism originated at
the same time, the Territorialists foresaw a dire fate for Eastern
European Jews, arguing that they could not wait for the Zionist
Organization to establish a Jewish state in Palestine. This
pessimistic worldview led Territorialists to favor a solution for
the Jewish state ""here and now""-and not only in the Land of
Israel. In Zionism without Zion: The Jewish Territorial
Organization and Its Conflict with the Zionist Organization, author
Gur Alroey examines this group's unique perspective, its struggle
with the Zionist movement, its Zionist rivals' response, and its
diplomatic efforts to obtain a territory for the Jewish people in
the first decades of the twentieth century. Alroey begins by
examining the British government's Uganda Plan and the ensuing
crisis it caused in the Zionist movement and Jewish society. He
details the founding of the Jewish Territorial Organization (ITO)
in 1903 and explains the varied reactions that the Territorialist
ideology received from Zionists and settlers in Palestine. Alroey
also details the diplomatic efforts of Territorialists during their
desperate search for a suitable territory, which ultimately never
bore fruit. Finally, he attempts to understand the reasons for the
ITO's dissolution after the Balfour Declaration, explores the
revival of Territorialismwith the New Territorialists in the 1930s
and 1940s, and describes the similarities and differences between
the movement then and its earlier version. Zionism without Zion
sheds new light on the solutions Territorialism proposed to
alleviate the hardship of Eastern European Jews at the start of the
twentieth century and offers fresh insights into the challenges
faced by Zionism in the same era. The thorough discussion of this
under-studied ideology will be of considerable interested to
scholars of Eastern European history, Jewish history, and Israel
studies.
The Jewish migration at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of
the twentieth centuries was one of the dramatic events that changed
the Jewish people in modern times. Millions of Jews sought to
escape the distressful conditions of their lives in Eastern Europe
and find a better future for themselves and their families
overseas. The vast majority of the Jewish migrants went to the
United States, and others, in smaller numbers, reached Argentina,
Canada, Australia, and South Africa.
From the beginning of the twentieth century until the First World
War, about 35,000 Jews reached Palestine. Because of this
difference in scale and because of the place the land of Israel
possesses in Jewish thought, historians and social scientists have
tended to apply different criteria to immigration, stressing the
uniqueness of Jewish immigration to Palestine and the importance of
the Zionist ideology as a central factor in that immigration. This
book questions this assumption, and presents a more complex picture
both of the causes of immigration to Palestine and of the mass of
immigrants who reached the port of Jaffa in the years 1904-1914.
Between 1875 and 1924, more than 2.7 million Jews from Eastern
Europe left their home countries in the hopes of escaping economic
subjugation and religious persecution and creating better lives
overseas. Although many studies have addressed how these millions
of men, women, and children were absorbed into their destination
countries, very little has been written on the process of deciding
to migrate. In Bread to Eat and Clothes to Wear: Letters from
Jewish Migrants in the Early Twentieth Century, author Gur Alroey
fills this gap by considering letters written by Eastern European
Jews embarking on their migration. Alroey begins with a
comprehensive introduction that describes the extent and unique
characteristics of Jewish migration during this period, discusses
the establishment of immigrant information bureaus, and analyzes
some of the specific aspects of migration that are reflected in the
letters. In the second part of the book, Alroey translates and
annotates 66 letters from Eastern European Jews considering
migration. From the letters, readers learn firsthand of the
migrants' fear of making a decision; their desire for advice and
information before they took the fateful step; the gnawing anxiety
of women whose husbands had already sailed for America and who were
waiting impatiently for a ticket to join them; women whose husbands
had disappeared in America and had broken off contact with their
families; pogroms (documented in real time); and the obstacles and
hardships on the way to the port of exit, as described by people
who had already set out. Through the letters in Bread to Eat and
Clothes to Wear readers will follow the dilemmas and predicaments
of the ordinary Jewish migrant, the difficulties of migration, and
the changes that it brought about within the Jewish family.
Scholars of Jewish studies and those interested in American and
European history will appreciate this landmark volume.
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