This book presents five chapters describing the characteristics and behaviors of Bubalus bubalis, or domestic water buffalo. Chapter One provides an update on recent developments in the approaches for estrus detection in buffalo. Chapter Two explains the pelvimetry of the female buffalo reproductive system and the biometry of the reproductive system of male and female buffaloes. Chapter Three assesses the effect of slow-release subcutaneous exogenous melatonin implant on hematological profiles, endocrinological profiles, biochemical profiles and antioxidant and oxidative stress profiles in anestrus buffalo cows during the summer season to improve reproductive efficiency. Chapter Four consists of a study of Andaman local buffaloes that may serve as the reference values in which alterations due to metabolic, nutrient deficiency, physiological and health status can be compared for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Lastly, Chapter Five focuses mainly on the impact of heat stress on buffalo's behavior, physiology, metabolism, and acclimatization.