The book is one of few attempts for students preparing for under graduate examination in Toxicology. The whole book is in the Question and answer form, which will be extremely useful for the students who do not know the art of answering questions in the examination and do not fare well despite their vast knowledge of the subject. Inspite of this the continuity of the matter in each chapter is retained. The language of the book is simple, lucid and understandable to average students. Suggestions regarding the subject matter and the pattern shall be welcomed.This book contains principles of toxicology, principle of management, corrosive poisons, irritant poisons, organophosphorus compounds, arsenic, mercury, lead, copper, vegetable poisons, opium, alcohol, chloroform, deliriant poisons, spinal poisons, animal irritants, cardiac poisons, asphyxiants and many more.

The term urogenital refers to something that has both urinary and genital origins. The word urogenital is used because the urinary and reproductive systems in males merge. The male urogenital system consists of several parts, including the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, penis, prostate and accessory glands. A sexual problem, or sexual dysfunction, refers to a problem during any phase of the sexual response cycle that prevents the individual or couple from experiencing satisfaction from the sexual activity. The sexual response cycle has four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. While research suggests that sexual dysfunction is common (43% of women and 31% of men report some degree of difficulty), it is a topic that many people are hesitant to discuss. Fortunately, most cases of sexual dysfunction are treatable, so it is important to share your concerns with your partner and doctor.

Objectives of the present study were to assess the mizaj of the patients having different types of diseases and to evaluate the harmoney of diseases in respect of Mizaj and to provide some knowledge/instructions to maintain their health and to prevent the diseases which may occur in them in future.For carrying out the present study 400 patients were enrolled of either sex with age group of 20-60 yrs. The patients did not fulfil the criteria excluded from the study, like accidental, traumatic and deaf and dumb patients. Following enrolment of the patients, their Mizaj was assessed individually by two performa designed on the bases of ten A'lamat (10 determinates) and signs and symptoms of dominance of Akhlat. After assessment of Mizaj prevalence of Sue Mizaj Sada, Sue Mizaj Murakkab and Sue Mizaj Maaddi were observed.

Paired kidneys are reddish bean shaped organs about 10-12cm long, 5-7cm wide, 3cm thick and has a mass of 135-150g.10 The kidneys lie on the posterior abdominal wall, one on each side of vertebral column, behind the peritoneum and below diaphragm. They extend from the level of 12th thoracic vertebrae to 3rd lumbar vertebrae. The main function of kidney can be categorized as Formation of urine, Water & electrolyte balance, Production of hormones & enzymes. In the resting adult, kidney receives 1.2-1.3litres of blood/min. In an adult, the GFR averages 120ml/min. The collecting duct of kidney is an area of fine control of ultrafiltrate composition & volume, where final adjustment in electrolyte composition is made by the action of mineralocortioid & ADH. The hypertonicity of medullary interstitium plays an important role in concentrating the urine. The kidney not only excretes the metabolic substances, but also toxic agents from the body.6 Hence kidney becomes one of the important targets for the toxicity of agents more than other organs in body.

All praises be to "Almighty Allah" the lord of the world, the most beneficent and merciful and peace be upon his Prophet Mohammed (SAWS). Through the grace of Almighty Allah, the uphill task on my shoulder has been accomplished. The completion of this dissertation is not only fulfillment of my dreams but also of my parents who have sacrificed a lot for me in completion of this course. The writing of a dissertation is obviously not possible without the support and company of numerous people. It is a pleasant aspect that I have now the opportunity to express my gratitude for all of them. Lastly, I pray to Almighty Allah to show me the right path, the path of those whom He has favored and not the path of those who earn His anger or those who go astray.