Labour market inequalities are a feature which all European countries share. This book provides a comparative perspective of sexual inequality in the 12 member-states of the European Union. Different aspects of inequality are discussed and presented: participation rates, occupational segregation, income differences, careers and the division of unpaid work. Another aspect that is examined is the position of women from ethnic minorities in the labour market. After presenting the facts, the book then looks at economic and sociological theories for possible explanations and integrates them into a single framework that provides starting points for a policy to promote equality between the sexes.

The second part of the book explores different policy measures promoted by the EU to advance equal opportunities. After presenting the equal opportunities of the EU, particular instruments are discussed such as the impact of EU directives, child care policies, positive action and comparable worth strategies. In addition the position of women in trade unions and their influence upon European decision making in the field of social policy is looked at. The book concludes with an exploration of what the future has in store for women in Europe.

Comparing industrial and employment relations in different countries and identifying the elements of commonality across the range of national systems, this comprehensive textbook provides an introduction to industrial and employment relations in the wider economic, technological and political context. Throughout, employment relations are set within the framework of the overall relationships between firms, markets, interest organizations and governments. Topics addressed include: distinct theoretical approaches to analyzing industrial and employment relations; the role of interest groups and organized interests in the industrial relations system; differences in the level of government intervention in industrial relations over time and between nations; the processes of bargaining, collective representation and participation, and the growth of flexibility; changes over time in three key elements of employment relations - wages, working time and qualifications; and developments in employment relations, work organization and technology in three important sectors - the automobile industry, banking and retailing.