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The Chechen language has approximately 1.2 million speakers, and is
one of the largest indigenous languages of the northern Caucasus.
This bilingual dictionary contains 6000 words of essential
vocabulary for Chechen: Basic verbs; pronouns, numerals, particles,
conjunctions, and postpositions; common and everyday vocabulary and
many entries of the rapidly disappearing traditional vocabulary.
All entries have grammatical information and pronunciation guides
and are given in both the current Cyrillic orthography and a
user-friendly diacritic-free all-Latin transcription. Similar
grammatical and pronunciation information is given in the
English-Chechen section. Additionally, this dictionary gives
background information about the language and descriptions of the
sound system and grammar.
The Chechen language has about 1,200,000 speakers, and along with Ingush is one of the largest indigenous languages of the northern Caucasus. The Russian-Chechen wars have created refugee and immigrant populations in Russia and Europe, and these populations are anxious to maintain the younger generations' fluency in Chechen and uphold ethnic and linguistic consciousness among expatriate Chechens worldwide. This bilingual dictionary has approximately 5000 Chechen words and about 5000 English words. The Chechen words are cited in both current Cyrillic orthography and the Latin system. Entries have full grammatical information and glossaries include alternatives and comments so as to convey the full meanings of words as opposed to simply translating them.
In this ground-breaking book, Johanna Nichols proposes means of
describing, comparing, and interpreting linguistic diversity, both
genetic and structural, providing the foundations for a theory of
diversity based upon population science. This book will interest
linguists, archaeologists, and population specialists.
"An awe-inspiring book, unequalled in scope, originality, and the
range of language data considered."--Anna Siewierska, "Linguistics"
"Fascinating. . . . A brilliant pioneering study."--"Journal of
Indo-European Studies"
"A superbly reasoned book."--John A. C. Greppin, "Times Literary
Supplement"
Comprehensive reference grammar of Ingush, a language of the Nakh
branch of the Nakh-Daghestanian or East Caucasian language family
of the central Caucasus (southern Russia). Ingush is notable for
its complex phonology, prosody including minimal tone system,
complex morphology of both nouns and verbs, clause chaining,
long-distance reflexivization, and extreme degree of syntactic
ergativity.
Johanna Nichols is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Slavic
Languages and Literatures and Affiliate Professor of Linguistics,
UC Berkeley. She works on languages of the Caucasus, typology, and
the linguistic prehistory of the steppe periphery.
Sound symbolism is the study of the relationship between the sound
of an utterance and its meaning. In this interdisciplinary
collection of new studies, twenty-four leading scholars discuss the
role of sound symbolism in a theory of language. They consider
sound-symbolic processes in a wide range of languages from Europe,
Asia, Africa, Australia, and North and South America. Beginning
with an evocative typology of sound-symbolic processes, they go on
to examine not only the well-known areas of study, such as
onomatopoeia and size-sound symbolism, but also less frequently
discussed topics such as the sound-symbolic value of vocatives and
of involuntary noises, and the marginal areas of "conventional
sound symbolism", such as phonesthemes. The book concludes with a
series of studies on the biological basis of sound symbolism, and
draws comparisons with the communication systems of other species.
This is a definitive work on the role of sound symbolism in a
theory of language. The wide-ranging new research presented here
reveals that sound symbolism plays a far more significant role in
language than scholarship has hitherto recognized.
Sound symbolism is the study of the relationship between the sound
of an utterance and its meaning. In this interdisciplinary
collection of new studies, twenty-four leading scholars discuss the
role of sound symbolism in a theory of language. They consider
sound-symbolic processes in a wide range of languages from Europe,
Asia, Africa, Australia, and North and South America. Beginning
with an evocative typology of sound-symbolic processes, they go on
to examine not only the well-known areas of study, such as
onomatopoeia and size-sound symbolism, but also less frequently
discussed topics such as the sound-symbolic value of vocatives and
of involuntary noises, and the marginal areas of "conventional
sound symbolism", such as phonesthemes. The book concludes with a
series of studies on the biological basis of sound symbolism, and
draws comparisons with the communication systems of other species.
This is a definitive work on the role of sound symbolism in a
theory of language. The wide-ranging new research presented here
reveals that sound symbolism plays a far more significant role in
language than scholarship has hitherto recognized.
Scholars have long sought to discover whether there is a detectable
genetic relationship among the world's languages, whether
linguistic methods can demonstrate that all of the world's
languages evolved from a single "mother tongue". In this book,
Johanna Nichols offers original and important material that is
likely to change significantly the way this exploration is
conducted. For over a century, the comparative method has been the
principle analytic tool in the reconstruction of prehistoric
languages from which historically attested languages have
developed. This method looks for regular laws which govern sound
correspondences among the cognate words of related languages. The
problem with cross-linguistic work based on theories of sameness is
that it is necessarily limited to seeking genetic relatedness and
reducing structural variety to types. It is restricted to shallow
time depths and cannot draw inferences from diversity. But unless
it is fairly well understood in what ways languages may group and
differ over great depths of time within a geographical area,
speculation about whether a certain isolated shared feature signals
a genetic relationship is futile. In this groundbreaking book,
Nichols proposes means of describing, comparing, and interpreting
linguistic diversity, both genetic and structural, and thereby
provides the foundations for a theory of diversity based upon
population science. Using a database of 174 languages representing
the world's linguistic families and surveying a number of
structural features and grammatical categories as well as
geographical distribution, Nichols establishes the relative
frequencies and markedness of grammatical properties,
theirinteraction with each other, their relative diachronic
stability, and their correlations with geographical location and
type of linguistic area. Maps, tables, appendices, and a
reproduction of the sample and database will enable readers to test
Nichols's conclusions, explore further hypotheses, expand existing
databases, and assign cross-linguistic problems to students. This
book will be of critical interest to linguists, archaeologists,
population specialists, and anyone interested in ways of
classifying mankind.
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