Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject Law - Comparative Legal Systems, Comparative Law, grade: B+; 15 Punkte, Suffolk University Law School (International Law), course: International Business Transactions, 32 entries in the bibliography, language: English, comment: The founders of the United States recognized the desirability of providing aliens access to the federal courts and they expressly granted aliens the right to have their cases heard in the fed-eral courts when they drafted the Constitution. As the Constitution in Art III, 2 put it: "The judicial power shall extend . . . to Controversies . . . between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.", abstract: The founders of the United States recognized the desirability of providing aliens access to the federal courts and they expressly granted aliens the right to have their cases heard in the federal courts when they drafted the Constitution. As the Constitution in Art III, 2 put it: "The judicial power shall extend . . . to Controversies . . . between a State, or the Cit izens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects." In explaining why federal subject matter jurisdiction should extend to cases involving aliens, Alexander Hamilton reasoned "an unjust sentence against a foreigner ... would ... if unredressed, be an aggression upon his sovereign, as well as one which violated the stipulations in a treaty or the general laws of nations." At the same time, disputes involving aliens were thought likely to involve legal and other issues of national importance, which federal courts were deemed best able to decide." Although there are few records of the Constitutional Convention relating to the subject of the judiciary, it is generally accepted that the decision to establish a federal forum for cases involving aliens arose from two related concerns. The first concern was that state and local judges were likely to be swayed by local prejudices against foreig

Seminar paper from the year 2003 in the subject Law - Comparative Legal Systems, Comparative Law, grade: A-; 16 Punkte, Suffolk University Law School (International Law), course: International Trade Regulations, 18 entries in the bibliography, language: English, comment: Rules of Origin are methods to extract the origin of a product (and sometimes of services), and help to determine the nationality of an imported good or product. The importance of rules of origin has to be seen in the light of economic values or any kind of trade restriction. Once the origin of a product is known, preferences or restrictions to the product can be much simpler applied by the importing country., abstract: One of the main objectives of rules of origin should be uniformity and simplicity in their administration. Although this is not always true, developing and developed countries have undertaken the task towards simplification, harmonization and liberalization of rules of origin. This harmonization work has been carried out under the auspices of the Committee on Rules of Origin (CRO) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Technical Committee on Rules of Origin (TCRO) of the Brussels-based World Customs Cooperation Council, which has been responsible for the technical part of the work, including discussions on the rules of origin options for each product. After all, an Agreement on Rules of Origin (ARO) was established in the WTO. This 'first-ever' agreement is designed to harmonize and to clarify non-preferential rules of origin for goods in trade on the basis of the substantial transformation test. The WTO wants to ensure that their rules are transparent and do not distort or disrupt on international trade, that they are administered in a consistent, uniform, impartial and reasonable manner, and that they are based on a positive standard. That means the ARO in WTO wants to state what does confer origin rather than what does not. This work wants to give an overview about -

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2005 im Fachbereich Jura - Europarecht, Volkerrecht, Internationales Privatrecht, Note: 11 Punkte (vollbefriedigend), Deutsche Hochschule fur Verwaltungswissenschaften Speyer, Veranstaltung: Europaisches und Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht, 14 Quellen im Literaturverzeichnis, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die Diskussion um eine soziale Dimension im internationalen Handel hat in den letzten Jahren erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen. Meinungsverschiedenheiten uber die Frage, ob die Problematik spezifischer Schutzklauseln bei Nichteinhaltung bestimmter Arbeits- oder Sozialstandards in der Welthandelsorganisation (WTO) integriert werden sollten, waren ein wesentlicher Grund fur das Scheitern der dritten WTO-Ministerkonferenz 1999 in Seattle.