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Order affects the results you get: Different orders of presenting
material can lead to qualitatively and quantitatively different
learning outcomes. These differences occur in both natural and
artificial learning systems. In Order to Learn shows how order
effects are crucial in human learning, instructional design,
machine learning, and both symbolic and connectionist cognitive
models. Each chapter explains a different aspect of how the order
in which material is presented can strongly influence what is
learned by humans and theoretical models of learning in a variety
of domains. In addition to data, models are provided that predict
and describe order effects and analyze how and when they will
occur. The introductory and concluding chapters compile suggestions
for improving learning through better sequences of learning
materials, including how to take advantage of order effects that
encourage learning and how to avoid order effects that discourage
learning. Each chapter also highlights questions that may inspire
further research. Taken together, these chapters show how order
effects in different areas can and do inform each other. In Order
to Learn will be of interest to researchers and students in
cognitive science, education, machine learning.
Environmental risks are among the most serious challenges of
today's societies. Virtually all environmental risks are
anthropogenic. The consequences of past decisions made by
individuals, business, and governments have already devastated many
of the earth's ecological systems and there is an ongoing
discussion about the potential effects of environmental change and
whether the earth will still provide a livable environment for
future generations. The past decade has seen a dramatic growth in
publications that focus on environmental issues. However, this
literature has been dominated by the natural sciences and research
focuses on obtaining more accurate information about natural and
ecological processes, with the tacit assumption that this
information will prove useful to improve individual,
organizational, and societal decision making. This volume focuses
on the psychological, sociological, and cultural aspects of
environmental risks that have not been given adequate and
integrated attention in the past. Understanding of the
psychological, social, cultural, and political forces will
determine the successes and failures of environmental risk
management. In particular, public policy could be improved by the
integration of more accurate assumptions about people's cognitions,
attitudes, and emotions towards environmental risks.
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