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This dissertation focuses on the calculation of transport
coefficients in the matter created in a relativistic heavy-ion
collision after chemical freeze-out. This matter can be well
approximated using a pion gas out of equilibrium. We describe the
theoretical framework needed to obtain the shear and bulk
viscosities, the thermal and electrical conductivities and the
flavor diffusion coefficients of a meson gas at low temperatures.
To describe the interactions of the degrees of freedom, we use
effective field theories with chiral and heavy quark symmetries. We
subsequently introduce the unitarization methods in order to obtain
a scattering amplitude that satisfies the unitarity condition
exactly, then go on to calculate the transport properties of the
low-temperature phase of quantum chromodynamics - the hadronic
medium - which can be used in hydrodynamic simulations of a
relativistic heavy-ion collision and its subsequent evolution. We
show that the shear viscosity over entropy density exhibits a
minimum in a phase transition by studying this coefficient in
atomic Argon (around the liquid-gas phase transition) and in the
linear sigma model in the limit of a large number of scalar fields
(which presents a chiral phase transition). Finally, we provide an
experimental method for estimating the bulk viscosity in
relativistic heavy-ion collisions by performing correlations of the
fluctuating components of the stress-energy tensor.
This dissertation focuses on the calculation of transport
coefficients in the matter created in a relativistic heavy-ion
collision after chemical freeze-out. This matter can be well
approximated using a pion gas out of equilibrium. We describe the
theoretical framework needed to obtain the shear and bulk
viscosities, the thermal and electrical conductivities and the
flavor diffusion coefficients of a meson gas at low temperatures.
To describe the interactions of the degrees of freedom, we use
effective field theories with chiral and heavy quark symmetries. We
subsequently introduce the unitarization methods in order to obtain
a scattering amplitude that satisfies the unitarity condition
exactly, then go on to calculate the transport properties of the
low-temperature phase of quantum chromodynamics - the hadronic
medium - which can be used in hydrodynamic simulations of a
relativistic heavy-ion collision and its subsequent evolution. We
show that the shear viscosity over entropy density exhibits a
minimum in a phase transition by studying this coefficient in
atomic Argon (around the liquid-gas phase transition) and in the
linear sigma model in the limit of a large number of scalar fields
(which presents a chiral phase transition). Finally, we provide an
experimental method for estimating the bulk viscosity in
relativistic heavy-ion collisions by performing correlations of the
fluctuating components of the stress-energy tensor.
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